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Montenegro ( or or ; Montenegrin: '' Crna Gora / Црна Гора'' , meaning "Black Mountain") is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the south-east. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the ''Prijestonica'', meaning the former Royal Capital City.〔(Basic data of Montenegro ) 〕 In the 9th century, there were three principalities on the territory of Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Rascia, the north. In 1042, ''archon'' Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–81), and his grandson Bodin (1081–1101). By the 13th century, ''Zeta'' had replaced ''Duklja'' when referring to the realm. In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro (Zeta) came under the rule of the Balšić noble family, then the Crnojević noble family, and by the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to as ''Crna Gora'' (Venetian: '). Large portions fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire from 1496 to 1878. Parts were controlled by Venice. From 1515 until 1851 the prince-bishops (vladikas) of Cetinje were the rulers. The House of Petrović-Njegoš ruled until 1918. From 1918, it was a part of Yugoslavia. On the basis of an independence referendum held on 21 May 2006, Montenegro declared independence on 3 June of that year. Classified by the World Bank as an upper middle-income country, Montenegro is a member of the UN, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, the Central European Free Trade Agreement and a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean. Montenegro is also a candidate negotiating to join the European Union〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Crna Gora od danas kandidat za članstvo u EU )〕 and NATO. == Etymology == The country's name in most Western European languages reflects an adaptation of the Venetian ''Montenegro'' (< Latin ''mons'' "mountain" + ''niger'' "black"), roughly "Mount Black" or "black mountain". Other languages, particularly nearby ones, use their own direct translation of the term "black mountain". Examples are the Albanian name for the country, ''Mali i Zi'', the Greek name ''Μαυροβούνιο'', and the Turkish name ''Karadağ'', all meaning "Black Mountain". ''Crna Gora'' ("Black Mountain"), was extended to denote a larger part of Montenegro in the 15th century. Originally, it had only referred to a small strip of land of the Paštrovići, but eventually came to be used for a wider mountainous region after the Crnojević noble family in Upper Zeta.〔 The aforementioned region became known as Old Montenegro (Стара Црна Гора/''Stara Crna Gora'') by the 19th century to distinguish it from the newly acquired territory of ''Brda'' (The Highlands). Montenegro further increased its size several times by the 20th century as the result of wars against the Ottoman Empire, which saw the annexation of Old Herzegovina and parts of Metohija and southern Rashka. The nation has changed little since that time, though it lost Metohija and gained the Bay of Kotor. The ISO Alpha-2 code for Montenegro is ME and the Alpha-3 Code is MNE.〔(ISO 3166-1 Newsletter No. V-12, Date: 26 September 2006 ) 〕 == Geography == (詳細はCroatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, and Albania. It lies between latitudes 41° and 44° N, and longitudes 18° and 21° E. Montenegro ranges from high peaks along its borders with Serbia, Kosovo and Albania, a segment of the Karst of the western Balkan Peninsula, to a narrow coastal plain that is only one to four miles () wide. The plain stops abruptly in the north, where Mount Lovćen and Mount Orjen plunge into the inlet of the Bay of Kotor. Montenegro's large Karst region lies generally at elevations of above sea level; some parts, however, rise to , such as Mount Orjen (), the highest massif among the coastal limestone ranges. The Zeta River valley, at an elevation of , is the lowest segment. The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrain in Europe, averaging more than 2,000 metres in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is Bobotov Kuk in the Durmitor mountains, which reaches a height of . Owing to the hyperhumid climate on their western sides, the Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period. * Longest beach: Velika Plaža, Ulcinj — * Highest peak: Zla Kolata, Prokletije at * Largest lake: Skadar Lake — of surface area * Deepest canyon: Tara River Canyon — * Biggest bay: Bay of Kotor * National parks: Durmitor — , Lovćen — , Biogradska Gora — , Skadar Lake — and Prokletije. * UNESCO World Heritage sites: Durmitor and Tara River Canyon, old city of Kotor. Montenegro is a member of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR), as more than of the country's territory lie within the Danube catchment area. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Montenegro」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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