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Morgantina is an archaeological site in east central Sicily, southern Italy. It is sixty kilometres from the coast of the Ionian Sea, in the province of Enna. The closest modern town is Aidone, two kilometres southwest of the site. The site consists of a two-kilometre long ridge running southwest-northeast, known as Serra Orlando, and a neighboring hill at the northeast called Cittadella. Morgantina was inhabited in several periods. The earliest major settlement was made at Cittadella and lasted from about 1000/900 to about 450 BCE. The other major settlement was located on Serra Orlando, and existed from about 450 BCE to about 50 CE. Morgantina has been the subject of archaeological investigation since the early 20th century. Serra Orlando was identified as Morgantina by Kenan Erim following the discovery of a number of coins bearing the Latin word ''HISPANORUM''. Erim used these coins and passages from Livy to argue that the city found at Serra Orlando was in fact the ancient city of Morgantina.〔 ==History == The name appears in different forms among different authors: Morgantia, Murgantia and Morgantium in scholarship; in ancient sources Strabo used the name and Diodorus Siculus used . The name is variously written by Latin writers as Murgantia, Murgentia and Morgentia. The inhabitants were called ''Murgentini'' by Cicero and Pliny the Elder. According to Strabo Morgantina was founded by a pre-Roman Italian group known as the Morgetes of Rhegium.〔 Dionysius of Halicarnassus wrote that the Morgetes were led by a king named Morges.〔 The earliest historical date associated with Morgantina is 459 BCE, when Ducetius, leader of the indigenous Sikel population of central Sicily, attacked the city and captured it.〔 Morgantina was probably still under Ducetius' control when he was defeated at Nomai by Syracuse in 449 BCE.〔 No further mention of Morgantina is made until Thucydides lists it as part of the terms of a truce in the war of 427–424 BCE between Syracuse and the Dorian cities of Sicily on one side, and Kamarina, the Khalkidian cities of Sicily, the Sikels, and Athens on the other side.〔 Thucydides says that Syracuse agreed at the Congress of Gela to give Morgantina to Kamarina in return for payment of an indemnity. Kamarina was destroyed in 405 by the Carthaginians. Morgantina therefore must have been independent from at least this date, although it was soon recaptured by Dionysios of Syracuse in 396.〔 Syracuse retained (occasionally more nominal than actual) control of Morgantina until the Second Punic War. In 317, Morgantina received the tyrant Agathocles, then in exile, and offered him help in returning to Syracuse. He was elected ''praetor'' at Morgantina, and later ''dux''.〔 As part of the Syracusan kingdom of Hiero II, Morgantina fell under the hegemony of Rome when Hieron became a Roman vassal in 263. In 214, Morgantina switched its allegiance from Rome to Carthage.〔 Morgantina remained autonomous until 211, when it became the last Sicilian town to be captured by the Romans. It was given as payment by Rome to a group of Spanish mercenaries.〔 In 133, Morgantina was the place where Eunus, the leader of the slave rebellion known as the First Servile War, died.〔 In the Second Servile War, Morgantina was besieged and taken by slaves. The final mention of Morgantina comes again from Strabo, who notes that in his own time, the first century CE, the city had ceased to exist.〔 A few literary sources describe Morgantina and its economy. Most famous of these are the references to the ''vitis murgentina'', a strain of grape mentioned by Cato, Columella, and Pliny the Elder.〔 These grapes were prized for their wine — Pliny called it "the very best among all those that come from Sicily" — and had been transplanted from Sicily to mainland Italy by the 2nd century BCE. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Morgantina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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