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''Morgnshtern'' (מאָרגןשטערן, Yiddish for 'Morning Star', sometimes also known by its Polish name ''Jutrznia'') was a Jewish sports organisation in interbellum Poland, politically linked to the Bund. It was founded in the end of 1926. ''Morgnshtern'' increased significantly in influence in the period just preceding the Second World War.〔Brenner, Michael, and Gideon Reuveni. ''Emancipation Through Muscles: Jews and Sports in Europe''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. p. 93-94〕 In 1937 the organisation had 107 local branches in different parts of the country. Its largest branch was based in Warsaw. In 1936, the Warsaw branch had 956 active members, in 1937 he membership reached around 1500 (making it the largest local sporting organisation in Poland) and 1855 in 1938.〔Brenner, Michael, and Gideon Reuveni. ''Emancipation Through Muscles: Jews and Sports in Europe''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. p. 97, 100〕〔Kugelmass, Jack. ''Jews, Sports, and the Rites of Citizenship''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007. p. 119-120〕 ''Morgnshtern'' was repeatedly targeted by the Polish authorities; between 1929 and 1934, 23 local ''Morgnshtern'' branches were closed down. In 1937 ''Morgnshtern'' had prepared a delegation to take part in the Workers Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, but the Polish government refused to give travel visas to the athletes.〔 The development of socialist sports was markedly affected by the rise of fascism in Europe. The socialist sport movement took a more paramilitary character, in order to mobilize anti-fascist defense. In the case of ''Morgnshtern'', the Bund already had experiences from organizing militias against pogroms. Bernand Goldstein, the president of the ''Morgnshtern'' in Warsaw was also the chief of the Bundist Defense Corps (Goldstein himself did however later downplay his role in ''Morgnshtern'', stating that the presidency was merely an honorary position).〔Brenner, Michael, and Gideon Reuveni. ''Emancipation Through Muscles: Jews and Sports in Europe''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. p. 53, 60-61〕 ''Morgnshtern'' ceased to function as Poland was occupied by Germany. Many of the athletes of the organisation became resistance fighters during the war.〔 ''Morgnshtern'' was revived after the war.〔''The Jewish Labor Bund Bulletin'', Vol II, No 16-17, April-May, 1949. p. 4〕 Warsaw "Jutrznia-Morgnshtern" is the only remaining ''Morgnshtern'' branch. ==Socialist sporting== ''Morgnshtern'' espoused principles of socialist sporting, seeking to promote proletarian camaraderie and collective achievements, rather than individual competition. These principles had been formulated in the book ''Sport und Politik'' ('Sports and Politics') by Julius Deutsch. Initially the organisation mainly organised sports were large numbers of people could participate at the same time, such as cycling, gymnastics and hiking.〔〔Kugelmass, Jack. ''Jews, Sports, and the Rites of Citizenship''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007. p. 115-116〕 The most popular activity of ''Morgnshtern'' was gymnastics. This was followed by ''ritmika'' (eurythmics), which mainly had female participants.〔http://www.vcn.bc.ca/outlook/library/articles/jewsontheleft/p05SocialistSports.htm〕 However, in order to increase recruitment the organisation eventually began opening up for more individually oriented competitive sports such as football, table tennis and boxing.〔 ''Morgnshtern'', although officially disliking football as a sport which glorified individual champions, had a few football teams affiliated to it already in the 1920s. Still though, compared to the ''Shtern'' federation of the Poale Zion Left or bourgeois Jewish sports organisations, ''Morgnshtern'' put very little emphasis on football.〔 In 1930 the Central Organising Committee of ''Morgnshtern'' adopted a resolution on the 'football question', which concluded that the sport could be collective and inclusive if addressed in the right way. In the early 1930s, there were several football teams in Warsaw city affiliated to ''Morgnshtern''. Following the adoption of the 1930 football resolution, the organisation began forming teams for table tennis (a ''Morgnshtern'' athlete formed part of the Polish national delegation at the 1938 World Championship in London), handball, basketball and volleyball.〔 The organisation was even more vocally opposed to boxing, and had proposed banning boxing from the Socialist Workers' Sport International at the 1929 SWSI congress.〔Kugelmass, Jack. ''Jews, Sports, and the Rites of Citizenship''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007. p. 117〕 However, the Warsaw branch of ''Morgnshtern'' set up a boxing club in late December 1935, which was rather successful in the late 1930s.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Morgnshtern」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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