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Mosaic authorship, or leMoshe miSinai ("given to Moses on Sinai") is the Jewish tradition (later adopted by Christian scholars) that the Torah was dictated to Moses by God, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy, which describe the death and burial of Moses.〔Talmud, Bava Basra 14b〕 The 8th principle of the 13 Principles of Faith that were established by Maimonides states "The Torah that we have today is the one dictated to Moses by God".〔Maimonides, Commentary on Mishnah, Sanhedrin 11:1, Article 8〕 Today the majority of biblical scholars accept the theory that the Torah does not have a single author, and that its composition took place over centuries. From the late 19th century there was a general consensus around the documentary hypothesis, which suggests that the five books were created c. 450 BC by combining four originally independent sources, known as the Jahwist, or J (c. 900 BC), the Elohist, or E (c. 800 BC), the Deuteronomist, or D, (c. 600 BC), and the Priestly source, or P (c. 500 BC).〔Gordon Wenham, "(Pentateuchal Studies Today )", in ''Themelios'' 22.1 (October 1996): 3–13.〕 == Traditional view == The Talmud discusses the authorship of all the books of the Hebrew Bible and assigns all but the last eight verses of Deuteronomy, which describe the death of Moses, to Moses himself. The Talmud credits those eight verses to Joshua, who is also noted as the author of the Book of Joshua, and says those eight verses are not technically part of the Torah. The Torah has six mentions of Moses writing passages: * : God commands Moses: "Write this, a remembrance..." The context indicates that God is commanding Moses to record Joshua's battle with Amalek described in Exodus 7:8-13. * : "Moses wrote all the words of the Lord." This apparently refers to the laws which God has just given in Exodus 20:21-23:33. * : Moses "wrote upon the tablets the words of the covenant, ten words." The identity of these "ten words" is not made clear, but probably is a reference to the Ten Commandments given several chapters previously, in Exodus 20. * : "And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the Lord: and these are their journeys according to their goings out." (King James Version) This refers to Moses recording the journeys that the Israelites took within the desert. * : "Moses wrote this law and gave it to the priests, the sons of Levi, the ones carrying the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord" and Deuteronomy 31:24: "Moses ... finished writing the words of this law on a scroll." It is not clear just what Moses wrote, but it is usually taken to be the collection of laws that make up Deuteronomy 5-30.〔Miller, A Nation is Born, p. 87〕 * : "Moses wrote down this song on that day." The "song" is presumably Deuteronomy 32, the Song of Moses. A number of canonical books, including Joshua, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah refer to the "laws of Moses", but it is not clear what body of writing this refers to. However this term "laws of Moses" is based on the translation found in many Christian Bibles, which is derived from the Septuagint translation which used "nomos" (Greek for ''law''). The original Hebrew uses the word the ''Torah of Moses''. Torah does not mean law, but the complete body of teaching, which is what Torah means. So it does not refer to the "laws of Moses", which doesn't specify which laws it is referring to, but to the "Torah of Moses" which is a clear reference to the Torah. Ezra 3:2 for example refers to the Jews bringing offerings in the new Second Temple "as it is written in the Torah of Moses, man of God". That most Bibles translate Torah as "the law" is the basis for much confusion among biblical scholars that do not read and understand Hebrew.〔 There are two times that the Bible mentions the Torah of Moses and does reference specific laws that are in the Torah; * : Then Joshua built an altar unto the Lord God of Israel in Mount Ebal. As Moses the servant of the Lord commanded the children of Israel, as it is written in the Torah of Moses: “an altar of whole stones over which no man hath lifted up any iron.” This rule, that an altar must be built of whole stones over which no man hath lifted up any iron, is a reference to this rule in Exodus 20:25; If you do make me an altar of stone, you are not to build it of cut stones; for if you use a tool on it, you profane it (the Hebrew in that verse says "sword" in place of "tool"). That an altar must not be built of cut stone, but of whole stone that no tool (a sword is iron) has been used on it. *: But the children of the murderers he slew not, according unto that which is written in the Torah of Moses, wherein the Lord commanded, saying, “The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, nor the children be put to death for the fathers; but every man shall be put to death for his own sin. ”This citation of "that which is written in the Torah of Moses, wherein the Lord commanded, saying" is a citation verbatim of Deuteronomy 24:16; The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin. McEntire points to Nehemiah 8:3, that tells of Ezra reading the law of Moses; Then he read from it in the open square that was in front of the Water Gate from morning until midday, that reading it "from early morning till the middle of the day" - about six hours, rules out that the full text of the Torah is meant here.〔It would require a reading speed faster than one verse every four seconds, without allowing for the interpreters who Nehemiah says were translating his words as he read, and it is therefore unlikely that Ezra read the entire five books as we know them. see McEntire, p.10〕 According to McEntire, the tradition that Moses wrote the entire Torah, and not just these five passages cited above, grew within Second Temple Judaism, beginning some time after the mid-5th century BC.〔McEntire, pp.10-11〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mosaic authorship」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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