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Moshav ((ヘブライ語:מוֹשָׁב), plural ', lit. ''settlement, village'') is a type of Israeli town or settlement, in particular a type of cooperative agricultural community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second wave of ''aliyah''. A resident or a member of a moshav can be called a "moshavnik" (מוֹשַׁבְנִיק). The moshavim are similar to kibbutzim with an emphasis on community labour. They were designed as part of the Zionist state-building programme following the green revolution Yishuv ("settlement") in the British Mandate of Palestine during the early 20th century, but in contrast to the collective kibbutzim, farms in a moshav tended to be individually owned but of fixed and equal size. Workers produced crops and goods on their properties through individual and/or pooled labour and resources and used profit and foodstuffs to provide for themselves. Moshavim are governed by an elected council ((ヘブライ語:ועד), ''va'ad'', lit. ''committee''). Community projects and facilities were financed by a special tax ((ヘブライ語:מס ועד), ''mas va'ad'', lit. ''committee tax''). This tax was equal for all households of the community, thus creating a system where good farmers were better off than bad ones, unlike in the communal kibbutzim where (at least theoretically) all members enjoyed the same living standard. Many moshavim still exist today. ==Different types== There are several variants, of which the most common are: * ''Moshav ovdim'' ((ヘブライ語:מושב עובדים), lit. ''workers' moshav''), a workers cooperative settlement. This is the more numerous (405) type and relies on cooperative purchasing of supplies and marketing of produce; the family or household is, however, the basic unit of production and consumption. * ''Moshav shitufi'' ((ヘブライ語:מושב שיתופי), lit. ''collective moshav''), a collective smallholder's settlement that combines the economic features of a kibbutz with the social features of a moshav. Farming is done collectively and profits are shared equally. This form is closer to the collectivity of the kibbutz: although consumption is family- or household-based, production and marketing are collective. Unlike the moshav ovdim, land is not allotted to households or individuals, but is collectively worked. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Moshav」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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