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Mostar (, ) is a city and municipality in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inhabited by 113,169 people,〔(Census 2013th official data ).〕 it is the most important city in the Herzegovina region, its cultural capital, and the center of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation. Mostar is situated on the Neretva River and is the fifth-largest city in the country. Mostar was named after the bridge keepers (''mostari'') who in the medieval times guarded the Stari Most (Old Bridge) over the Neretva. The Old Bridge, built by the Ottomans in the 16th century, is one of Bosnia and Herzegovina's most recognizable landmarks, and is considered one of the most exemplary pieces of Islamic architecture in the Balkans. ==History== Human settlements on the river Neretva, between the Hum Hill and the Velež Mountain, have existed since prehistory, as witnessed by discoveries of fortified enceintes and cemeteries. Evidence of Roman occupation was discovered beneath the present town.〔(UNESCO: Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar )〕 As far as medieval Mostar goes, although the Christian basilicas of late antiquity remained in use, few historical sources were preserved and not much is known about this period. The name of Mostar was first mentioned in a document dating from 1474, taking its name from the bridge-keepers (mostari); this refers to the existence of a wooden bridge from the market on the left bank of the river which was used by traders, soldiers, and other travelers. During this time it was also the seat of a kadiluk (district with a regional judge). Since Mostar was on the trade route between the Adriatic and the mineral-rich regions of central Bosnia, the settlement began to spread to the right bank of the river.〔 Prior to the 1474 the names of two towns appear in medieval historical sources, along with their later medieval territories and properties – the towns of ''Nebojša'' and ''Cimski grad''. In the early 15th century the late medieval county of ''Večenike'' covered the site of the present-day Mostar along the right bank of the Neretva: ''Zahum'', ''Cim'', ''Ilići'', ''raštani'' and ''Vojno''. It was at the center of this area, which in 1408 belonged to the Radivojević's, that Cim fort was built (prior to 1443). Mostar is indirectly referred to in a charter of King Alfonso V of Aragon dating from 1454 as ''Pons'' (Bridge), for a bridge had already been built there. Prior to 1444, the Nebojša fort was built on the left bank of the Neretva, which belonged to the late medieval county still known as Večenike or Večerić.〔Anđelić, 1974, 276–278〕 The earliest documentary reference to Mostar as a settlement dates from April 3, 1452, when natives of Dubrovnik wrote to their fellow countrymen in the service of Đorđe Branković to say that Vladislav Hercegović had turned against his father and occupied the town called Blagaj and other places, including ''“Duo Castelli al ponte de Neretua.”''.〔Mujezinović, 1998, p. 144〕 In 1468 Mostar came under Ottoman rule〔 and the urbanization of the settlement began. Following the unwritten oriental rule, the town was organized into two distinct areas: čaršija, the crafts and commercial centre of the settlement, and ''mahala'' or a residential area. In 1468 Mostar acquired the name ''Köprühisar'', meaning fortress at the bridge, at the centre of which was a cluster of 15 houses.〔Institute for Regional Planning, Mostar, 1982, p. 21〕 The town was fortified between the years 1520 and 1566, and the wooden bridge was rebuilt in stone.〔 The stone bridge, the Old Bridge (''Stari Most''), was erected in 1566 on the orders of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman ruler.〔(Guardian Article: Mostar reclaims Ottoman heritage )〕 Later becoming the city's symbol, the Old Bridge (''Stari Most'') is one of the most important structures of the Ottoman era and perhaps Bosnia's most recognizable architectural piece, and was designed by Mimar Hayruddin,〔 a student and apprentice of the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan. In the late 16th century, Mostar was the chief administrative city for the Ottoman Empire in the Herzegovina region. The Stari Most bridge: 28 meters long and 20 meters high (90' by 64'), quickly became a wonder in its own time. The famous traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote in the 17th century that: ''the bridge is like a rainbow arch soaring up to the skies, extending from one cliff to the other. ...I, a poor and miserable slave of Allah, have passed through 16 countries, but I have never seen such a high bridge. It is thrown from rock to rock as high as the sky.''〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hearts and Stones )〕 The Austro-Hungarian Empire absorbed Mostar in 1878 and it ruled there until the aftermath of World War I in 1918. During this period, Mostar was recognized as the unofficial capital of all of Herzegovina. The first church in the city of Mostar, a Serbian Orthodox Church, was built in 1834 during Ottoman rule. In 1881 the town became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mostar-Duvno and in 1939, it became a part of the Banovina of Croatia. During World War II Mostar was also an important city in the fascist Independent State of Croatia. After World War II, Mostar developed a production of plastics, tobacco, bauxite, wine, aircraft and aluminium products. Several dams (''Grabovica'', ''Salakovac'', ''Mostar'') were built in the region to harness the hydroelectric power of the Neretva. The city was a major industrial and tourist center and prospered economically during the time of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Between 1992 and 1993, after Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia, the town was subject to an 18-month siege. The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) first bombed Mostar on 3 April 1992, and over the following week gradually established control over a large part of the town. By 12 June 1992 the Army of Republic of Bosnia and Hercegovina,formed in 1992 ARBiH and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) in a joint action forced the JNA out of Mostar.It was a bright moment of fighting in Mostar and the example that joint action can achieve success. In the battles for the liberation of Mostar 340 soldiers of the Independent Mostar Battalion Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 60 officers of the HVO, a platoon of HOS Croatian Defence Forces and a special unit of the HVO Croatian Defence Council and artillery support of the HVO took part in the battles for the liberation of Mostar from JNA grip.The JNA responded with shelling. Amongst the monuments destroyed were a Franciscan monastery, the Catholic cathedral and the bishop's palace (with a library of 50,000 books), a number of secular institutions as well as the Karadžoz-bey mosque, and thirteen other mosques. In mid June 1992, after the battle line moved eastward, the HVO demolished the Serbian Orthodox Žitomislić Monastery as well as the Saborna Crkva (Orthodox Cathedral Church) that was built in 1863–1873.〔http://www.books.google.com/books?id=6VlFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99〕 During the Bosnian War of 1992–95, the Serb Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Trinity ((セルビア語:Саборна црква Св. Тројице)) and the Church of the Birth of the Most Holy Virgin (Црква Рођења Пресвете Богородице/Crkva Rođenja Presvete Bogorodice), both dating to the mid 19th century, were demolished by the HOS. The cathedral was also known as the New Orthodox Church (Нова православна црква/Nova pravoslavna crkva), while the latter was known as the Old Orthodox Church (Стара православна црква/Stara pravoslavna crkva). According to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Nikola Špirić, the reconstruction of the cathedral was due to begin in Spring 2008, and was to be funded by Prince Charles.〔(Шпирић: Tреба се окренути будућности да би сви заједно успјели )〕 On 18 November 1991, the autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (HZ-HB) was established, it claimed it had no secessionary goal and that it would serve a "legal basis for local self-administration". It vowed to respect the Bosnian government under the condition that Bosnia and Herzegovina was independent of "the former and every kind of future Yugoslavia." In December, Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, in a conversation with Bosnian Croat leaders, said that "from the perspective of sovereignty, Bosnia-Herzegovina has no prospects" and recommended that Croatian policy "support for the sovereignty (Bosnia and Herzegovina ) until such time as it no longer suits Croatia." On 9 May 1992, Boban, Josip Manolić, Tuđman's aide, and Radovan Karadžić, president of the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska, secretly met in Graz and formed an agreement on the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Graz agreement. The same month HVO Major General Ante Roso declared that the only "legal military force" in HZ-HB was the HVO and that "all orders from the TO (Defense ) command (Bosnia and Herzegovina ) are invalid, and are to be considered illegal on this territory". On 3 July, Mate Boban, who favored Croatia to annex Croat-inhabited parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, declared the independence of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (HR-HB). He was established as its president. It claimed power over its own police, army, currency, and education and extended its grasp to many districts where Bosniaks were the majority. It only allowed a Croat flag to be used, the only currency allowed was the Croatian kuna, its only official language was Croatian, and a Croat school curriculum was enacted. Mostar, a town where Bosniaks constituted a slight majority, was set as the capital. There was no mention on the defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina's territorial integrity. Boban had abandoned a Bosnian government alliance and ceased all hostilities with Karadžić. During the Bosniak-Croat war, the city was divided into a western part, which was dominated by the Croat forces, and an eastern part, where the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina dominated. In May 1993, Croat forces began a 10-month siege on eastern Mostar while in the western part of the city forcibly expelling the Bosniak population from their homes and killing hundreds. After the war, the ICTY accused the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia leadership for the crimes against humanity and other war crimes during the war, including the destruction of the Stari Most. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mostar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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