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Muawiyah I ( '; 602 – April 29 or May 1, 680) established the Umayyad Dynasty of the caliphate,〔(The Umayyad Dynasty ) at the University 0f Calgary 〕 and was the second caliph from the Umayyad clan, the first being Uthman ibn Affan.〔Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. ''The History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''), ''Vol. 18 Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu'awiyah 40 A.H., 661 A.D.-60 A.H., 680 A.D.'' (Michael G. Morony).〕 During the first and second caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab), he fought with the Muslims against the Byzantines in Syria. To stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea, Muawiyah developed a navy in the Levant and used it to confront the Byzantine Empire in the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The Caliphate conquered several territories including Cyzicus which were subsequently used as naval bases.〔A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999, Page 48 and Page 52-53〕 == Early life and family == Muawiyah bin Abi-Sufyan was born in Mecca〔Ibn Manzur, ''Summary of the history of Damascus'', vol. 7, p. 356〕 to Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Hind bint Utbah (601 CE) into the Banu Umayya sub-clan of the Banu Abd-Shams clan of the Quraysh tribe. The Quraysh controlled the city of Mecca (in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia) and the Banu Abd-Shams were among the most influential of its citizens.〔''Muawiya Restorer of the Muslim Faith'', by Aisha Bewley, p81〕 The meaning of Muawiyah in Arabic is "young fox". His father Abu-Sufyan struggled against Islam until Muhammad's army entered Mecca in 630. Muawiyah, Muhammad and Ali shared the same great-great grandfather Abdu Manaf bin Qusay, who had four sons: Hashim, Muttalib, Nawfal, and Abdu Shams. Hashim was the great grandfather of Ali and Muhammad. Umayyah bin Abdu Shams was the great grandfather of Muawiyah.〔 Muawiyah's sister Ramla bint Abi Sufyan was one of the first converts to Islam.〔(Islam online )〕 In order to avoid hostilities from Quraysh, she and her husband Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh emigrated to Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Her husband, later, converted to Christianity.〔 He tried to persuade her to do the same, but she held on to Islam. His conversion led to their divorce. She continued to live in Abyssinia with her daughter until Ubayd-Allah's death sometime later.〔 She was later married to Muhammad. Khalid ibn Said was chosen by her as her legal guardian at the ceremony. The Negus the king of Abbysian read out the Khutba himself, and Khalid ibn Said made a speech in reply. On behalf of Muhammad, the Negus offered a dowry of four hundred Dinars. A huge wedding feast was given on behalf of Muhammad after the ceremony. The Negus also sent musk and ambergris to the bride through Abraha.〔 Muhammad did not give a dowry larger than this to any of his other wives. Muawiyah and remaining members of his family were opponents of the Muslims before the ascendancy of Muhammad. Along with his two older brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Utbah, Muawiyah was one of the members of the hunting party of his maternal uncle Waleed bin Utbah that pursued Muhammad during the ''hijra'' (migration), when Muhammad and Abu Bakr were hiding in ''Ghar al-Thawr'' (Cave of the Bull).〔Al-Madaini, Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Muhammad. ''Tarikh Al-Khulafah: *Mu'awiya bin Abu Sufyan''.〕 In 630, Muhammad and his followers entered Mecca, and most of the Meccans, including the Abd-Shams clan, formally submitted to Muhammad and accepted Islam. Muawiyah, along with his father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, became Muslims at the conquest of Mecca.〔''The History of al-Tabari'', vol. IX, The Last Years of the Prophet, p. 32, SUNY Press〕〔''Life of Muhammad'', Ibn Hisham, vol. 2, p. 597 (Urdu)〕 According to the ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', Muawiyah was a crypto Muslim after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah but did not declare it.〔Encyclopedia of Islam Volume VII, page 264 By Bosworth〕 Muawiyah and the Islamic prophet Muhammad were brothers-in-law after Muhammad married Muawiyah's sister, Ramla bint Abi Sufyan. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muawiyah I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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