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Mugham or mugam ((アゼルバイジャン語:Muğam)) is one of the many folk musical compositions from Azerbaijan, contrast with ''tasnif'', ''ashugs''.〔(Intangible Cultural Heritage - The Azerbaijani Mugham )〕 Mugam draws on Arabic maqam.〔Music encyclopedias, e.g. The New Grove's entry on Azerbaijan.〕 It is a highly complex art form that weds classical poetry and musical improvisation in specific local modes. Mugham is a modal system. Unlike Western modes, "mugham" modes are associated not only with scales but with an orally transmitted collection of melodies and melodic fragments that performers use in the course of improvisation. Mugham is a compound composition of many parts. The choice of a particular mugham and a style of performance fits a specific event.〔 The dramatic unfolding in performance is typically associated with increasing intensity and rising pitches, and a form of poetic-musical communication between performers and initiated listeners.〔 Three major schools of mugham performance existed from the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the regions of Karabakh, Shirvan, and Baku. The town of Shusha of Karabakh was particularly renowned for this art. A short selection of Azerbaijani mugham, played on the Azerbaijani wind instrument balaban, was included among many cultural achievements of humanity on the Voyager Golden Record, which was attached to the Voyager spacecraft to represent world music.〔(Azerbaijani Music Selected for Voyager Spacecraft )〕〔(Azerbaijani mugham sent out to outer space 32 years ago )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】Voyager - Spacecraft - Golden Record - Sounds of Earth )〕 In 2003, UNESCO recognized mugam as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.〔(UNESCO: The Azerbaijani Mugham )〕 ==History== In the course of its long history, the people of Azerbaijan have retained their ancient musical tradition. Mugham belongs to the system of modal music and may have derived from Persian musical tradition. The Uighurs in Xinjiang (新疆) call this musical development ''muqam'', the Uzbeks and Tajiks call it ''maqom'' (or ''shasmaqom''), while Arabs call it ''maqam and Persians ''dastgah''. The meta-ethnicity and intricate complexity of this music also becomes apparent in the fact that terms such as ''mugham'', ''maqam'', or ''dastgah'', omnipresent in oriental music, can mean one thing in the Turkish tradition, while the same term in the music of Uzbekistan takes on quite another meaning, and yet another in the classical Arabian tradition. So, in one culture mugham may be related to a strictly fixed melodic type, while in another it is only the cadences, the melody endings that are associated with it. In a third culture it may only correspond to a specific type of tone scales. The genre itself has roots in prayer and lullaby and is passed on from mother to baby in this way. However, there are hundreds of varieties, such as songs similar to war chant. In the 16-17th centuries the art of mugam was passing through the development process as a folklore professional music of the palace conditions. In this period a dastgah form starts to develop in the structure and forms of mugam. New colors and shades as well as tasnifs developed in mugam performance. The masters of mugam of Azerbaijan sang gazals written in aruz genre by Fizuli, Habibi and Khatai. The music events were held in most regions of Azerbaijan in the 19th century and mugam was performed at these events. In the 19th century famous French scientist Alexandre Dumas who attended the ceremony in Shamakhy, wrote in his works about his trip saying he was greatly impressed by mugam that sounded there.〔(History of mugam and stages of development )〕 Such events held in Azerbaijan were attended by khanendes from Karabakh, Baku and Tabriz which in turn caused the blending of singing traditions of different regions. In the early decades of the 20th century, a member of native intelligentisa, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, the author of the first national opera Leyli and Majnun, also formulated the theoretical basis of Azerbaijani mugham in his work ''The Principles of Azerbaijani Folk Music.''〔Uzeyir Hajibeyov, ''The Principles of Azerbaijani Folk Music''. Translated by G. Bairamov. Baku, Yazichi, 1985〕 Famous Azerbaijani composer Gara Garayev and Fikrat Amirov also made a great contribution to the development of the art of mugam through creating the mugam symphony.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.silkroadproject.org/MusicArtists/Instruments/Mugham/tabid/319/Default.aspx )〕 Hajibaba Huseynov was credited as a key figure in the popularization of mugham, and developing talented mugham khanandas such as Alim Qasimov, Aghakhan Abdullayev and Gadir Rustamov. As of 1985, Agdam Mugham School functions in Azerbaijan, which produced the "Karabakh Nightingales" mugham ensemble. Azerbaijan also has a great tradition of composers and musicians of western classical music. Uzeyir Hajibeyov with his ''Leyli and Majnun'' created the genre of mugham-opera. Fikret Amirov (1922-1984) was the first composer of symphonic mughams, namely - Shur, ''Kurd Ovshari'', and ''Gulistan Bayati Shiraz''. Azerbaijani composers created a plethora of compositions that fused mugham and traditional European genres. Among those, for example, Vasif Adigozal's mugham oratorio ''Karabakh Shikastasi''.〔Inna Naroditskaya, ''Song from the Land of Fire: Continuity and Change in Azerbaijani Mugham", New York: Routledge, 2003.〕 Such works are obviously very different from traditional mugham formations but in fact incorporate many mugham idioms. On the level of musicians, there remains a strict separation between classical and "traditional" music in terms of training. Even if the musicians are educated at the same conservatorium they stick to one camp. According to the New York Times, mugham is a symphonic-length suite, full of contrasting sections: unmetered and rhythmic, vocal and instrumental, lingering around a single sustained note or taking up a refrain that could be a dance tune.〔(Classical Azeri Poetry in Song, From a Team of Father and Daughter )〕 In 2005, International Center of Mugham created under the decree of Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev. In August of same year, on the territory of the Baku Boulevard, Ilham Aliyev with his spouse, the Goodwill Ambassador of UNESCO Mehriban Aliyeva and UNESCO Director General Koichiro Matsuura, laid the first stone at the base of the complex.〔(Международный центр Мугама ) 〕〔(The Director-General hails the importance of living traditions at the Mugham Festival in Baku, Azerbaijan )〕 Opening of the complex took place on December 27, 2008.〔(Ильхам Алиев принял участие в открытии Международного центра мугама - Фотосессия ) 〕〔(Международный центр мугама открыт в Баку ) 〕 The total area of center is 7500 meters squared, which also includes concert saloon of 350 people, recording studio, rooms for rehearsals. In the foyer, visitors can find busts of famous mugham performers, also a rich collection of musical instruments. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mugham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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