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The Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads is headed by 10 Mukhya Upanishads. These are the ten early Upanishads, known to and commented upon by the 8th century scholar Shankara. The adjective ' means "principal", "chief", or "primary". Also known as Dashopanishads, these ten Mukhya Upanishads probably all predate the Common Era, and they are accepted as śruti by all Hindus: # (IsUp), White Yajurveda # (KeUp), Samaveda # (KaUp), Black Yajurveda # (PrUp), Atharvaveda # (MuUp), Atharvaveda # (MaUp), Atharvaveda # (TaiUp), Black Yajurveda #, (AiUp), Rigveda # (ChhUp), Samaveda # (BṛUp), White Yajurveda Linguistically, the oldest of these () belong to the "Brahmana" period of Vedic Sanskrit, predating Panini. A middle layer () belongs to the "Sutra" period of late Vedic Sanskrit, roughly contemporary with Panini, and the youngest are in early Classical Sanskrit, approximately contemporary with the Bhagavad Gita (roughly dating to the period from the 4th century BCE to the 4th century CE). Nikhilananda (1962) also includes Shvetashvatara Upanishad (ŚvetUp) as eleventh "Principal Upanishad". Robert Hume (1921) in his translation of "Thirteen Principal Upanishads", included Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Kaushitaki Upanishad and Maitri Upanishad. The Principal Upanishads (1953) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan gives the text and English translation of a total of eighteen Upanishads, including the 13 listed by Hume (1921), plus Subāla, Jābāla, Paiṅgala, Kaivalya, Vajrasūcikā (Muktika nos. 30, 13, 59, 12 and 36). ==Translations== * * * * 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mukhya Upanishads」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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