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Mukkaribs
The Mukkaribs "priest-kings," were the first rulers of the early South Arabian states. They were later replaced by ordinary maliks (muluk) "kings."
Although precise dating of the establishment of these states is still a matter of study and controversy, all were apparently in existence before the time of Lehi.〔Van Beek, "Frankincense and Myrrh," 2:104, 107, 126; Albright, "Chronology of Ancient South Arabia," 6, 8–9, and n. 8, following the high dating of Maria Höfner; cf. Moscati, Ancient Semitic Civilizations, 182–85; Peter M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 1:7–9.〕 They established colonies along the inland caravan route to the north, at such sites as Yathrib (Medina), Didan/Dedan al-Khuraybah, and Al-Hijr/Hijra), around which later coalesced tribal groups that formed the less well developed states of Saba'a, Ma'een, Thamud and Lihyan in Western and Southern Arabia.〔SEHA presentation at BYU, 22 October 1983, published by Hope A. and Lynn M. Hilton, as "The Lihyanites," Sunstone (January–February 1984): 4–8; note however the caveat of David J. Johnson and Richard N. Jones in "Reader's Forum," Sunstone (April 1985): 2–3; cf. G. Lankester Harding, An Index and Concordance of Pre-Islamic Arabian Names and Inscriptions (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1971), 512–13.〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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