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Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 March 1820 – 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli (from Latin ''multa tuli'', "I have suffered much"), was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, ''Max Havelaar'' (1860), which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia). ==Biography== Douwes Dekker was born in Amsterdam. His father, a ship's captain, intended his son for trade, but this humdrum prospect disgusted him, and in 1838 he went out to Java and obtained a post as a civil servant. He moved from one posting to another, until, in 1851, he became assistant-resident at Ambon, in the Moluccas. In 1857 he was transferred to Lebak, in the Bantam residency of Java (now Banten province). By this time, however, all the secrets of Dutch administration were known to him, and he had begun to openly protest about the abuses of the colonial system. Consequently, he was threatened with dismissal from his office for his openness of speech. Dekker resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands. He was determined to expose in detail the scandals he had witnessed, and he began to do so in newspaper articles and pamphlets. Little notice, however, was taken of his protestations until, in 1860, he published his novel ''Max Havelaar'' under the pseudonym of Multatuli. Douwes Dekker's new pseudonym, which is derived from Latin, means, "I have suffered much", or, more literally "I have borne much" referring to himself, as well as, it is thought, to the victims of the injustices he saw. An attempt was made to suppress the inflammatory book, but in vain; it was read all over Europe. Colonialist apologists accused Douwes Dekker's horrific depictions of being hyperbolic. Multatuli now began his literary career, and published ''Love Letters'' (1861), which, in spite of their mild title, were mordant, unsparing satires. Although the literary merit of Multatuli's work was widely criticised, he received an unexpected and most valuable ally in Carel Vosmaer who published a book (''The Sower'' 1874) praising him.〔''Een Zaaier: studiën over Multatuli's werken'' Carel Vosmaer, Amsterdam : G.L. Funke, 1874〕 He continued to write much, and to publish his miscellanies in uniform volumes called ''Ideas'', of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877 and also contain his novel ''Woutertje Pieterse'' (''Little Walter Pieterse''). Douwes Dekker left Holland, and went to live in Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz, where he made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his pieces, ''The School for Princes'' (published in 1875 in the fourth volume of ''Ideas''), expresses his non-conformist views on politics, society and religion. He moved his residence to Nieder Ingelheim, on the Rhine, where he died in 1887. Douwes Dekker had been one of Sigmund Freud's favourite writers. He heads the list of 'ten good books' which Freud drew up in 1907.〔Freud, S. (1907). Contribution to a Questionnaire on Reading. ''The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IX'' (1906–1908), 245–247.〕 In June 2002, the Dutch ''Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde'' (Society of Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli the most important Dutch writer of all time.〔() accessed on 30 November 2005〕 Multatuli's brother, Jan Douwes Dekker, is a grandfather of Ernest Douwes Dekker (also known as Danudirja Setiabudi, a National Hero of Indonesia). Douwes is commonly thought, wrongly, to be his middle name. Douwes Dekker is the combined form of both his of parents' last names, chosen after they couldn't decide which of their names they should give him. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Multatuli」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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