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In Norse mythology, Huginn (from Old Norse "thought"〔Orchard (1997:92).〕) and Muninn (Old Norse "memory"〔Orchard (1997:115).〕 or "mind"〔Lindow (2001:186).〕) are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world, Midgard, and bring information to the god Odin. Huginn and Muninn are attested in the ''Poetic Edda'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources: the ''Prose Edda'' and ''Heimskringla'', written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson; in the ''Third Grammatical Treatise'', compiled in the 13th century by Óláfr Þórðarson; and in the poetry of skalds. The names of the ravens are sometimes modernly anglicized as Hugin and Munin. In the ''Poetic Edda'', a disguised Odin expresses that he fears that they may not return from their daily flights. The ''Prose Edda'' explains that Odin is referred to as "raven-god" due to his association with Huginn and Muninn. In the ''Prose Edda'' and the ''Third Grammatical Treatise'', the two ravens are described as perching on Odin's shoulders. ''Heimskringla'' details that Odin gave Huginn and Muninn the ability to speak. Migration Period golden bracteates, Vendel era helmet plates, a pair of identical Germanic Iron Age bird-shaped brooches, Viking Age objects depicting a moustached man wearing a helmet, and a portion of the 10th or 11th century Thorwald's Cross may depict Odin with one of the ravens. Huginn and Muninn's role as Odin's messengers has been linked to shamanic practices, the Norse raven banner, general raven symbolism among the Germanic peoples, and the Norse concepts of the fylgja and the hamingja. ==Attestations== In the ''Poetic Edda'' poem ''Grímnismál'', the god Odin (disguised as ''Grímnir'') provides the young Agnarr with information about Odin's companions. He tells the prince about Odin's wolves Geri and Freki, and, in the next stanza of the poem, states that Huginn and Muninn fly daily across the entire world, Midgard. Grímnir says that he worries Huginn may not come back, yet more does he fear for Muninn: In the ''Prose Edda'' book ''Gylfaginning'' (chapter 38), the enthroned figure of High tells Gangleri (king Gylfi in disguise) that two ravens named Huginn and Muninn sit on Odin's shoulders. The ravens tell Odin everything they see and hear. Odin sends Huginn and Muninn out at dawn, and the birds fly all over the world before returning at dinner-time. As a result, Odin is kept informed of many events. High adds that it is from this association that Odin is referred to as "raven-god". The above-mentioned stanza from ''Grímnismál'' is then quoted.〔Faulkes (1995:33).〕 In the ''Prose Edda'' book ''Skáldskaparmál'' (chapter 60), Huginn and Muninn appear in a list of poetic names for ravens. In the same chapter, excerpts from a work by the skald Einarr Skúlason are provided. In these excerpts Muninn is referenced in a common noun for 'raven' and Huginn is referenced in a kenning for 'carrion'.〔Faulkes (1995:138, 244, and 247).〕 In the ''Heimskringla'' book ''Ynglinga saga'', an euhemerized account of the life of Odin is provided. Chapter 7 describes that Odin had two ravens, and upon these ravens he bestowed the gift of speech. These ravens flew all over the land and brought him information, causing Odin to become "very wise in his lore."〔Hollander (2007:11).〕 In the ''Third Grammatical Treatise'' an anonymous verse is recorded that mentions the ravens flying from Odin's shoulders; Huginn seeking hanged men, and Muninn slain bodies. The verse reads:
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