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Muscina
''Muscina'' is a genus of flies that belongs to the family Muscidae, currently consisting of 27 species.〔"ITIS Standard Report Page: Muscina." Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 20 Mar. 2009 〕 They are worldwide in distribution and are frequently found in livestock facilities and outside restrooms. The most common species are ''M. stabulans'' (the most widely studied species), ''M. levida'', and ''M. prolapsa''. ''Muscina'' flies commonly breed in manure and defecate on food, which has been linked to the spread of some disease and illnesses.〔"False Stable Fly." North Carolina IPM. 20 Mar. 2009 〕〔"Fly Control In Confined Livestock And Poultry Production - Novartis Animal Health Inc." The Control Of Flies On Livestock And Poultry Farms - Novartis Animal Health Inc. 20 Mar. 2009〕 The occurrence of ''Muscina'' larvae on dead bodies has led to their regular use in forensic investigations, as they may be used to estimate the time of death. Research have shown the prevalence of certain species of ''Muscina'' flies as vectors of diseases such as poliomyelitis.〔
==Characteristics==
''Muscina'' species are characterized by a retractable proboscis, sponging or sucking mouthparts, and a pale tip on the scutellum.〔Dodge, Harold R. (2009). "Identifying common flies." JSTOR. Association of schools of public health. 〕〔 The species ''M. stabulans'' and ''M. levida'' are larger than the housefly, and have moderately curved fourth veins with the latter also having a black palpi. The species ''M. levida'' has legs that are entirely black. ''M. pascuorum'' flies have a red palpi, a strongly curved fourth vein that ends in or before the wing tip, and are generally larger than ''M. levida''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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