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Mutisalah
The term mutisalah refers to heirloom beads in the Indonesian islands of Timor, Flores, Sumba and Suwa (known today as Nusa Tenggara Timur).〔The Margaretologist, ''The Journal of the Center of Bead Research''. Vol 5, p.5, 1992〕 Mutisalah are also found in the Philippines and Borneo. Mutisalah were originally Indo-Pacific beads of orange and orange red color. The earliest of these beads came from Southern India and have been dated as early as 200 BC. Their manufacture spread to other centers.〔Manik Manik di Indonesia , Sumarah Adhyatman. p.5 ISBN 979-428-278-2〕
In the 9th-century Buddhist Sailendra dynasty, drawn Indo-Pacific beads, now called mutisalah, were produced by the Sumatran Srivijaya empire These beads were traded into Borneo, Java and to the eastern Indonesian islands until the 13th century. Nieuwenhuis, whose observations date from the turn of the century, reports that the reddish-brown beads, known in the Timor archipelago as mutisalah, and which also occur in South Sumatra, were brought from the Lampong Districts to Timor, where they yielded a high price. Likewise, inhabitants of Kroé in Benkulen travelled from Sumatra to the west coast of Borneo and traversed the island to sell their ancient beads profitably to the Bahau and other tribes.〔NIEUWENHUIS, A. W., 1904. “Kunstperlen und ihre Kulturelle Bedeutung.” Internationales Archiv f. Ethnographie, XVI:136-154.〕 Archeological evidence from 1000 to 1200 AD shows that this type of bead predominated. From the 13th century they are much less common.〔Francis 1989:8-9〕 Chinese-made beads came into use after the defeat of Srivajaya Kingdom and it is postulated that the Chinese traders took advantage of the scarcity that was a consequence of the changed trade patterns. Chinese coil beads became common in Sumatra, Java and Borneo after the 12th century, but there is little evidence of Chinese trade with the Nusa Tenggara Timur until the Ming dynasty.〔Hirth, Friedrich and W.W. Rockhill [1911 Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade-in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, entitled Chu-fan-~i. Imperial Acad~ of Science,' St. Petersburg (1966 reprint; Paragon, New York)〕
==Distribution==
Mutisalah are found and still treasured as heirloom beads or beads declaring status and wealth in Sumba, Flores and Timor. They are also in use in Borneo. Mutisalah are found in Sumatra, but there they do not seem to have the same heirloom status. In the Philippines mutisalah have been found in grave sites from between 100 BC and 500 AD. that are known to have been manufactured in Arikamedu, South India. There is little evidence that they came though direct trade, rather that they probably changed hands several times before reaching the Philippines.〔Casal, Gabriel and Regalado Trota Jose, Jr. The people and Art of the Philippines. Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 1981. p.52〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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