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|Section2= |Section3= }} ''N''-Nitroso-''N''-methylurea (NMU) is a highly reliable carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen. NMU is an alkylating agent, and exhibits its toxicity by transferring its methyl group to nucleobases in nucleic acids, which can lead to AT:GC transition mutations. NMU is the traditional precursor in the synthesis of diazomethane. However, because it is unstable at temperatures beyond 20 °C and somewhat shock-sensitive, it has become obsolete for this purpose and replaced by other N-nitroso compounds: (''N''-methyl)nitrosamides and nitrosamines. Most chemical supply houses have stopped carrying it. Acute exposure to NMU in humans can result in skin and eye irritation, headache, nausea, and vomiting.〔(Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet for NMU ) New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services〕 NMU is ''reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen'' based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals (IARC 1972, 1978, 1987).〔(NMU Substance Profile ) NTP, Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition〕 Various cancers induced in animal models include: squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach, sarcomas and gliomas of the brain, adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, mammary carcinomas, leukemia, and lymphomas.〔 However, the actual potential for human exposure is quite limited, as the chemical is not produced or used in large quantities 〔 NMU is teratogenic and embryotoxic, resulting in craniofacial (cleft palate) and skeletal defects, fetal growth retardation, and increased fetal resorption.〔Wada, A., et al. (1994). Induction of Congenital Malformations in Mice by Paternal Methylnitrosourea Treatment. Congenital Anomalies 34:65-70.〕〔Nagao, T., et al. (1991). Induction of Fetal Malformations After Treatment of Mouse Embryos with Methylnitrosourea at the Preimplantation Stages. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 11:1-10.〕〔Faustman, E., et al. (1989). ''In Vitro'' Developmental Toxicity of Five Direct-Acting Alkylating Agents in Rodent Embryos: Structure-Activity Patterns. Teratology 40:199-210.〕 Exposure to NMU during pre-implantation, post-implantation, organogenesis, or by paternal exposure can result in these effects. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「N-Nitroso-N-methylurea」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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