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NGO-isation refers to the capacity of so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to depoliticize discourses and practices of social movements. The term has been used by a few authors, including the Indian writer Arundhati Roy, who speaks about the NGO-isation of resistance, and more generally, about the NGO-isation of politics. Across the world, the number of internationally operating NGOs is around 40,000. The number of national NGOs in countries is higher, with around 1-2 million NGOs in India and 277,000 NGOs in Russia.〔''(Public Power in the Age of Empire: Arundhati Roy on War, Resistance and the Presidency )'', Democracy Now!, 2004.08.23 〕 More precisely, NGO-isation is a process resulting from neoliberal globalization.〔Eric Sheppard & al., A World Of Difference, Encountering and Contesting Development, The Guilford Press, 2nd edition, 2009, p.104〕 It consists of the flourishing of NGOs founded on issue-specific interventions 〔Paul Stubbs, Aspects of community development in contemporary Croatia: globalisation, neo-liberalisation and NGO-isation, in Revitalising Communities, October 2006, p.1〕 associated with the rising centrality of civil society 〔Haim Yacobi, The NGOization of space: dilemmas of social change, planning policy, and the Israeli public sphere, in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2007, volume 25, p.745〕 where NGOs are in charge of social services that used to be fulfilled by the public sector.〔Eric Sheppard & al., A World Of Difference, Encountering and Contesting Development, The Guilford Press, 2nd edition, 2009, p.104〕 As a result, some have described this process as an outworking of foreign policy (from countries in the Global North) that is redefining the relationships (in the Global South) between society, the state and external actors.〔Julie Hearn, The ‘NGO-isation’ of Kenyan society: USAID & the restructuring of health care, in Review of African Political Economy, No: 75:89-100, ROAPE Publications Ltd., 1998, p.90〕 From a political point of view, NGOS are sometimes referred to as a third sector that has the capacity to balance the power of the state. The broadening of the political configuration suggests a better governance 〔Haim Yacobi, The NGOization of space: dilemmas of social change, planning policy, and the Israeli public sphere, in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2007, volume 25, p.745〕 where NGOs are enabling a real “bottom-up democracy” 〔Islah Jad, The NGO-isation of Arab Women's Movements, in Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 35.4, 2004, p.34〕 that promotes pluralism 〔Julie Hearn, The ‘NGO-isation’ of Kenyan society: USAID & the restructuring of health care, in Review of African Political Economy, No: 75:89-100, ROAPE Publications Ltd., 1998, p.90〕 and the development of a civil society.〔Islah Jad, The NGO-isation of Arab Women's Movements, in Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 35.4, 2004, p.34〕 Joseph Stiglitz referred to this process as the emergence of a “post-Washington consensus”.〔Mike Davis, Planet of Slums, Verso, 2007, p.76〕 From an economic point of view, some have argued that NGOs are able to provide social welfare services to the most vulnerable “at lower cost and higher standards of quality than government”.〔Julie Hearn, The ‘NGO-isation’ of Kenyan society: USAID & the restructuring of health care, in Review of African Political Economy, No: 75:89-100, ROAPE Publications Ltd., 1998, p.90〕 However, many scholars have been very critical towards the process of NGO-ization as the case studies below suggest. Indeed, some argue that the disadvantaged communities that supposedly benefit from the services of NGOs are first and foremost “the products of neoliberal policies expressed in privatization and decentralization of state institutions”.〔Haim Yacobi, The NGOization of space: dilemmas of social change, planning policy, and the Israeli public sphere, in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2007, volume 25, p.745〕 In addition, some scholars have argued that NGOs represent a new kind of dependency on countries from the Global North and stand as a form of neocolonialism towards countries from the Global South.〔Islah Jad, The NGO-isation of Arab Women's Movements, in Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 35.4, 2004, p.34〕 Similarly, there are on-going debates concerning the actual interests and legitimacy of NGOs considering their links to the states that funded them in the Global North.〔Islah Jad, The NGO-isation of Arab Women's Movements, in Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 35.4, 2004, p.34〕 For this purpose, the social scientist Sangeeta Kamat pointed out that “NGO's dependence on external funding and compliance with funding agency targets raise doubts about whether their accountability lies with the people or with the funding agencies” 〔Sangeeta Kamat, NGOs and the New democracy, in Harvard International Review, Spring 2003, 25:1, p.65〕 ==NGO-ization of Latin American women’s movements== In Latin America, the political scientist Sonia E. Alvarez points out that NGOs have been established for a long period already. In the 1970s, many NGOs focused on women's rights in a variety of domains such as political mobilization, popular education, working-class or poor women's empowerment. However, the activities of these NGOs have shifted during the past two decades (hand-in-hand with the process of NGO-ization) towards other specializations such as gender policy assessment, social services delivery and project execution.〔Sonia E. Alvarez, Advocating feminism: The Latin American Feminist NGO 'Boom', in International Feminist Journal of Politics, 1:2, 1999, p.182〕 The fact that feminist NGOs have been increasingly assigned a different role (by intergovernmental organizations or local governments) have important consequences. According to Alvarez, “this trend threatens to reduce feminist NGOs’ cultural–political interventions in the public debate about gender equity and women’s citizenship to largely technical ones”.〔Sonia E. Alvarez, Advocating feminism: The Latin American Feminist NGO 'Boom', in International Feminist Journal of Politics, 1:2, 1999, p.183〕 In addition to this, Alvarez argues that the feminist NGOs consulted on gender-focused policies are carefully selected by the neoliberal States. Therefore, even though the selected feminist NGOs have a role of intermediary to societal constituencies, Alvarez argues that “other actors in the expansive Latin American women’s movement field – particularly popular women’s groups and feminist organizations that are publicly critical of the New (Gendered) Policy Agenda – are denied direct access to gender policy debates and thereby effectively politically silenced”.〔Sonia E. Alvarez, Advocating feminism: The Latin American Feminist NGO 'Boom', in International Feminist Journal of Politics, 1:2, 1999, p.183〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「NGO-isation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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