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Nadsat
Nadsat is a fictional register or argot used by the teenagers in Anthony Burgess's novel ''A Clockwork Orange''. In addition to being a novelist, Burgess was a linguist〔Anthony Burgess, ''Language Made Plain'' and ''A Mouthful of Air''.〕 and he used this background to depict his characters as speaking a form of Russian-influenced English. The name itself comes from the Russian suffix equivalent of "-teen" as in "thirteen" (-надцать, ''-nad·tsat'''). Nadsat was also used in Stanley Kubrick's film adaptation of the book.
== Description ==
Nadsat is a mode of speech used by the ''nadsat'', members of the teen subculture in the novel ''A Clockwork Orange''. The antihero and narrator of the book, Alex, uses it in first-person style to relate the story to the reader. He also uses it to communicate with other characters in the novel, such as his ''droogs'', parents, victims, and any authority-figures with whom he comes in contact. As with many speakers of non-standard varieties of English, Alex is capable of speaking standard English when he wants to. It is not a written language: the sense that readers get is of a transcription of vernacular speech.
Nadsat is basically English with some borrowed words from Russian. It also contains influences from Cockney rhyming slang, the King James Bible, the German language, some words of unclear origin, and some that Burgess invented. The word ''nadsat'' is the suffix of Russian numerals from 11 to 19 (-надцать). The suffix is an almost exact linguistic parallel to the English '-teen,' and is derived from "на", meaning "on" and a shortened form of "десять", the number ten. "Droog" is Russian друг "close friend".〔Eric Partridge, ''et al.'', ''The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English''; Wiktionary друг (Russian)〕 Some of the words are also almost childish English such as ''eggiweg'' ("egg") and ''appy polly loggy'' ("apology"), as well as regular English slang ''sod'' and ''snuff it''. The word ''like'' and the expression ''the old'' are often used as fillers or discourse markers.
At least one translation of Burgess' book into Russian solved the problem of how to illustrate the Nadsat words, by using transliterated, slang English words in places where Burgess used Russian ones. However, this solution was imperfect as it lacked the original abstractness. Borrowed English words with Russian inflection were widely used in Russian slang, especially among Russian hippies. Another translation used the original English spelling of Nadsat terms.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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