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Al-Nahda ((アラビア語:النهضة) / ALA-LC: ''an-Nahḍah''; Arabic for "awakening" or "renaissance") was a cultural renaissance that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Egypt, then later moving to Ottoman-ruled Arabic-speaking regions including Lebanon, Syria and others. It is often regarded as a period of intellectual modernization and reform. In traditional scholarship, the Nahda is seen as connected to the cultural shock brought on by Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798, and the reformist drive of subsequent rulers such as Muhammad Ali. However, recent scholarship has shown that the Middle Eastern and North African Renaissance was a cultural reform program that was as "autogenetic" as it was Western inspired, linked to the Ottoman Tanzimat and internal changes in political economy and communal reformations in Egypt and Syro-Lebanon.〔Stephen Sheehi, Foundations of Modern Arab Identity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004 ()〕 The Egyptian ''nahda'' was articulated in purely Egyptian terms, and its participants were mostly Egyptians, and Cairo was undoubtedly the geographical center of the movement. But al-Nahda was also felt in neighboring Arab capitals, notably Beirut and Damascus. The shared language of Arabic-speaking nations ensured that the accomplishments of the movement could be quickly picked up by intellectuals in Arab countries. In the Ottoman-ruled Arabic regions, major influence and motive were the 19th century tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire, which brought a constitutional order to Ottoman politics and engendered a new political class, and later the Young Turk Revolution which allowed proliferation of press and other publications.〔Adnan A. Musallam, (Arab Press, Society and Politics at the End of The Ottoman Era )〕 == Rifa'a Rafi' El-Tahtawi== (詳細はRifa'a el-Tahtawi (1801–1873) is often seen as the pioneering figure of the Nahda. He was sent to Paris in 1826 by Muhammad Ali's government to study Western sciences and educational methods, although originally to serve as Imam for the Egyptian cadets training at the Paris military academy. He came to hold a very positive view of French society, although not without criticisms. Learning French, he began translating important scientific and cultural works into The classical Arabic language. He also witnessed the July Revolution of 1830, against Charles X, but, perhaps understandably, was careful in commenting on the matter in his reports to Muhammad Ali.〔Peter Gran, "(Tahtawi in Paris )," Al-Ahram Weekly Online, Issue No.568, 10–16 January 2002.〕 His political views, originally influenced by the conservative Islamic teachings at El Azhar university, changed on a number of matters, and he came to advocate parliamentarism and women's education. After five years in France, he then returned to Egypt to implement the philosophy of reform he had developed there, summarizing his views in the book ''Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz'' (sometimes translated as ''The Quintessence of Paris''), published in 1834. It is written in rhymed prose, and describes France and Europe from an Egyptian Muslim viewpoint. Tahtawi's suggestion was that the Egypt and the Muslim world had much to learn from Europe, and generally embraced Western society, but also held that reforms should be adapted to the values of Islamic culture. This brand of self-confident but open-minded modernism came to be the defining creed of al-Nahda. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Al-Nahda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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