|
The term Nakota (or ''Nakoda'' or also ''Nakona''〔The word linguistic evolution is alike the other Dakotan dialects''’'': from the original "Dakȟóta/Dakhóta" there has followed the term "Dakȟód/Dakhód" (with the inversion of "''t''" into "''d''"); in Lakota that has entailed the ulterior (usual) mutation of "''d''" into "''l''", which has produced "Lakȟól" (cf. Ullrich, ''ad nomen''), as a term variant for "Lakȟóta"; in the same way, in Nakota, beside the form "Nakhóda" has evolved the further variant (with the usual mutation of "''d''" into "''n''") of "Nakhóna" (the orthography used in the present article is the "lakota standard orthography" of Jan Ullrich’s latest ''New Lakota dictionary''). For the usage of the term "nakona" by Fort Peck's Assiniboine, cf. http://fpcctalkindian.nativeweb.org/ and http://www.neh.gov/grants/guidelines/hisamples/HI-TCU-FortPeck.pdf〕) is the endonym used by the native peoples of North America who usually go by the name of ''Assiniboine'' (or ''Hohe''), in the United States, and of Stoney, in Canada. They are Dakotan-speaking〔("Dakota branch of the Siouan language family" ), ''Ethnologue''; cf. Western Siouan languages/Family division〕 tribes that broke away from the main branches of the Sioux nation in earlier times. They moved farther from the original territory of present-day Minnesota into the northern and northwestern regions: Montana and North Dakota of the present-day United States and Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta of present-day Canada. Later they became competitors for resources and enemies of their former language-family "allies". (In each of the dialects, ''nakota'', ''dakota'' and ''lakota'' means "friend" or "ally".) ==History of a misnomer== Historically, scholars classified the tribes belonging to the Sioux nation (or Dakota in a broad sense) into three large language groups:〔See, as examples, Frederick W. Hodge (ed.), ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'', 2 Pts./vols., Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, U.S. GPO, 1907/1910 (1:376), and Robert H. Lowie, ''Indians of the plains'', American Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Handbook 1, New York: McGraw Hill, 1954 (8)〕 * ''Dakota (proper)'', who were the eastern-most group (the original one) and were called ''Isáŋyathi'' or ''Isáŋathi'' (whence the Europeanized name of ''Santee''); * ''Nakota'', who were said to comprise the two central tribes of the Yankton and the Yanktonai, and * ''Lakota'', who formed the western-most group and were called ''Thítȟuŋwaŋ'' (term Europeanized into ''Teton''). The Assiniboine had separated from the Yankton-Yanktonai grouping at an early time. Their language, called Nakota as well, had grown more distinct and unintelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers. For a long time very few scholars criticized this classification.〔Among the first there was the Yankton/Lakota scholar Ella Deloria (below ) (Ullrich, p. 2). The inaccuracy of the scheme was also discussed, in 1976, in Patricia A. Shaw’s PhD Dissertation, ''Dakota Phonology and Morphology'', University of Toronto (cited by Parks & Rankin, p. 97). For a non-linguist point of view, cf. also E. S. Curtis (''The North ...'', vol. 3, ''The Teton Sioux. The Yanktonai. The Assiniboin'', p. 142 ()): "All tribes of Sioux use the term ''Dakóta'', or ''Lakóta'', to designate those who speak one of the Dakota dialects, excepting the Assiniboin. The latter, however, include themselves under the term (''Nakóta'')".〕 In 1978, Douglas R. Parks, David S. Rood, and Raymond J. DeMallie engaged in systematic linguistic research at the Sioux and Assiniboine reservations to establish the precise dialectology of the Sioux language.〔A quick presentation of the research can be found in Parks/DeMallie, 1992.〕 As a result, they ascertained that both the Santee and the Yankton/Yanktonai referred (and refer) to themselves by the autonym "Dakota". The name of ''Nakota'' (or ''Nakoda'') was (and is) exclusive usage of the Assiniboine and of their Canadian relatives, the Stoney. The subsequent academic literature, however, especially if not produced by linguistic specialists, has seldom reflected Parks and DeMallie’s work.〔See the works by G. E. Gibbon and J. D. Palmer cited among the sources of the present article or Paul B. Neck's book about Dakota chief Inkpaduta (''Inkpaduta. Dakota Leader'', Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8061-3950-0)〕 Their conclusions, however, have been fully confirmed by the 23-year-long research carried out in the field by Jan Ullrich. From that he compiled his 2008 Lakota dictionary. According to Ullrich, the misnomer of the Yankton-Yanktonai, . in so systematic a way that it disappeared from the alphabet (cf. Ullrich, p. 693).〕 Thus, they believed the Yankton-Yanktonai people called themselves Nakota instead of Dakota. Unfortunately, the inaccurate assumption of a Lakota-Dakota-Nakota division has been perpetuated in almost every publication since then",〔Ullrich, p. 2.〕 gaining such influence that even some Lakota and Dakota people have been influenced by it.〔Raymond DeMallie reports that the word 'nakota' has "become a symbol of self-identification for Yankton and Yanktonai young people that distinguished them from the Santee-Sisseton and Teton ..." ("Sioux ...", p. 750).〕 The change cannot be regarded as a subsequent terminological regression caused by the Yankton-Yanktonai people’s living together with the Santee in the same reserves.〔A like thesis is held by James H. Howard. While admitting that, in modern times, all the oriental and central Sioux groups use the term ''Dakhóta'' to designate themselves (and the whole ''nation''), he suggests that the form ''Nakhóta'' has just "fallen into disuse'" among the Yankton and the Yanktonai (''The Canadian ...'', p. 4)〕 The oldest texts that document the Sioux dialects are devoid of historic references to Nakota. Ullrich notes particularly that John P. Williamson's ''English-Dakota Dictionary'' (1902) lists Dakota as the proper name for the Dakota people, but does not mention Nakota. Still, Williamson had worked extensively with the Yankton and frequently included in his dictionary Yankton variants for Santee entries.〔 Moreover, Ullrich notes that the Yankton scholar Ella Cara Deloria (born in 1888) was among the first to point out “the fallacy of designating the Yankton-Yanktonai groups as Nakota.”.〔 Currently, the groups concerned refer to themselves as follows in their mother tongues: *Dakhóta (or Dakhód) – the Santee *Dakȟóta (or Dakȟód) – the Yankton and the Yanktonai *Lakȟóta (or Lakȟól) – the Teton (this reference has fallen into disuse. Now they simply call themselves the Lakȟóta) *Nakhóta (Nakhóda or Nakhóna〔Cf. above〕) – the Assiniboine〔The endonym includes both the Assiniboine/Stoney and the Lakota/Dakota.〕 *Nakhóda (or Nakhóta) – the Stoney〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nakota」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|