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The ''namsadang'' ((:namsʰadaŋ)) is a Korean itinerant troupe which consists of male performers who present various performing arts such as acrobatics, singing, dancing and playing like a circus.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=Namsadang:Professional acrobatics, Song and Dance groups ) 〕 It is said that ''namsadang'' was spontaneously formed before 1900 during the Joseon Dynasty〔 〕〔 〕 and used to wander about marketplaces and villages.〔 The troupe was considered the lowest class in society along with ''cheonmin'' (vulgar commoners) or ''baekjeong'' (butchers), so that very few historical documents remain on them. However, since a record that a puppet show was performed during the Silla period (57 BCE – 935 CE) has been found, it is assumed that similar types of itinerant companies appeared in Korean history a long time ago.〔 〕 During the late Joseon Dynasty, there were several ''namsadang'', but the one whose base was set in Cheongryongsa temple (청룡사) in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province was the most famous.〔〔(남사당이 쉬어갔던 작은 절집 청룡사 )〕 They became called ''namsadang'' because the troupe were composed of only men and ''"nam"'' (남, ) means a male in Korean. Later, a few female members were accepted to join in the group though.〔(유랑예인집단 남사당 )〕 The six performances which the troupe performs are collectively called ''Namsadang nori'' (남사당놀이), literally meaning ''nori'' (놀이) performed by ''namsadng''. Nori refers to play, game or performance in Korean. The ''namsadang nori'' includes ''pungmul nori'' (풍물, Korean spinning hat dance), ''beona nori'' (버나놀이, spinning hoops and dishes), ''salpan'' (살판, tumbling), ''eoreum'' (어름, tightrope dancing), ''deotboegi'' (덧뵈기, mask dance drama), and ''deolmi'' (덜미, puppet play). All six ''nori'' are associated with each other and integrate various activities such as music, feat, acrobatics, stunt, play, dance, and mask dance. Originally there were ten performances on Namsadang-nori but only six have been brought down until now.〔(엠파스 - 한국학 )〕 On December 7, 1964, the South Korean government designated ''deolmi'' (puppet play) as the third Important Intangible Cultural Property.〔 Later, on August 1, 1988, all six performances of ''Namsadang nori'' were included as Important Intangible Cultural Properties as well. ==Troupe organization== ''Namsadang'' usually consisted of 40 ~ 50 members of all ages. The head of the group is called ''kkokdusoe'' (꼭두쇠, (:k͈okt͈usʰwe))〔 and the second-in-command is called ''golbaengisoe'' (골뱅이쇠 ). Underneath there were ''tteunsoe'' (뜬쇠 ), ''gayeol'' (가열 ), ''ppiri'' (삐리 ), ''jeoseungpae'' (저승패 ), and ''deungjimkkun'' (등짐꾼 ). ''Tteunsoe'' is the head of the each performance or senior performer and ''gayeol'' is a performer. ''Ppiri'' is an apprentice. In addition, ''jeoseungpae'' refers to elderly members and ''deungjimkkun'' is porters.〔〔 The troupe was well-organized and strictly disciplined by rules. Because entertainers like singers or actors were often despised in that age, the troupe recruited its members among the orphans, poor farmers` children and sometimes even through kidnapping. They were not well-paid. Very often they were offered only meals and beds and a small amount of money. They had tough lives.〔〔 The troupe may have functioned as a homosexual community, with each member taking the role of ''Sutdongmo'', "butch", or ''Yodongmo'', "queen".〔() ''Pacific Homosexualities'', by Stephen O. Murray], iUniverse, 2002, ISBN 978-0-595-22785-3, 410 pages〕〔(''Homosexualities'', by Stephen O. Murray ), University of Chicago Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-226-55195-1, 507 pages〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Namsadang」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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