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Nanking Massacre denial
Nanking Massacre denial is denial that Imperial Japanese forces murdered tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and is a highly controversial episode in Sino-Japanese relations. It is considered as a revisionist viewpoint and is not accepted in mainstream academia, even within some Japanese academia. Most historians accept the findings of the Tokyo tribunal with respect to the scope and nature of the atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army after the Battle of Nanking. In Japan, however, there has been a heated debate over the extent and nature of the massacre. Relations between Japan and China have been complicated as a result, as denial of the massacre is seen as part of an overall unwillingness on Japan's part to admit and apologize for its aggression, or a perceived insensitivity regarding the killings. Estimates of the death toll vary widely, ranging from 40,000 to over 300,000.〔Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, ed. (2008). The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture. Berghahn Books. p. 362. ISBN 1845451805.〕〔James Leibold (November 2008). "Picking at the Wound: Nanjing, 1937-38". Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies.〕 Some scholars, notably the revisionists in Japan, have contended that the actual death toll is far lower, or even that the event was entirely fabricated and never occurred at all.〔Fogel, Joshua A. ''The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography''. 2000, page 46-8〕〔Dillon, Dana R. ''The China Challenge''. 2007, pp. 9–10〕 These revisionist accounts of the killings have become a staple of Japanese nationalist discourse.〔Yoshida, pp. 157–158〕
In Japan, only a small but vocal minority deny the atrocity outright.〔〔Yoshida, Takashi. ''The Making of the "Rape of Nanking"''. 2006, page 157–58.〕 Some Japanese journalists and social scientists, such as Tomio Hora and Katsuichi Honda, have played prominent roles in countering revisionist historiography, in the decades since the killings. Nonetheless, denialist accounts, such as those of Shūdō Higashinakano, have often created controversy in the global media, particularly in China and other East Asian nations.〔〔Gallicchio, Marc S. ''The Unpredictability of the Past''. 2007, page 158〕 Coverage of the massacre in Japanese school textbooks also troubles Sino-Japanese relations, as in some textbooks, the massacre is usually only briefly mentioned.
The denial of the atrocity is among the key missions of the influential lobby Nippon Kaigi, a revisionist organization that claims 35,000 members, including 15 of the 18 members of the government following the 2014 reshuffle, including Prime Minister Shinzo Abe himself.〔"(Abe’s reshuffle promotes right-wingers )" (Korea Joongang Daily - 2014/09/05)〕
==National identity==
Takashi Yoshida asserts that, "Nanjing has figured in the attempts of all three nations (Japan and the United States ) to preserve and redefine national and ethnic pride and identity, assuming different kinds of significance based on each country's changing internal and external enemies."〔Yoshida, p. 5〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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