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Nanoindenter
A nanoindenter is the main component for indentation hardness tests used in nanoindentation. Since the mid-1970s nanoindentation has become the primary method for measuring and testing very small volumes of mechanical properties. Nanoindentation, also called ''depth sensing indentation'' or ''instrumented indentation'', gained popularity with the development of machines that could record small load and displacement with high accuracy and precision.〔Nanoindentation Lecture 1 Basic Principle, by Do Kyung Kim, Dept. of Material Science and Engineering KAIST, Korea.〕〔Fischer-Cripps, A.C. Nanoindentation. (Springer: New York), 2004.〕 The load displacement data can be used to determine modulus of elasticity, hardness, yield strength, fracture toughness, scratch hardness and wear properties.〔W.C. Oliver and G.M. Pharr. An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments, J. Mater. Res., vol. 7, No. 6, June 1992.〕
==Types ==
There are many types of nanoindenters in current use differing mainly on their tip geometry. Among the numerous available geometries are three and four sided pyramids, wedges, cones, cylinders, filaments, and spheres. Several geometries have become a well established common standard due to their extended use and well known properties; such as Berkovich, cube corner, Vickers, and Knoop nanoindenters. To meet the high precision required, nanoindenters must be made following the definitions of ISO 14577-2,〔ISO 14577-2 = Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters. Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines. Section 4: Direct verification and calibration.〕 and be inspected and measured with equipment and standards traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The tip end of the indenter can be made sharp, flat, or rounded to a cylindrical or spherical shape. The material for most nanoindenters is diamond and sapphire, although other hard materials can be used such as quartz, silicon, tungsten, steel, tungsten carbide and almost any other hard metal or ceramic material. Diamond is the most commonly used material for nanoindentation due to its properties of hardness, thermal conductivity, and chemical inertness. In some cases electrically conductive diamond may be needed for special applications and is also available.
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