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Naraka ((サンスクリット:नरक)) is the Sanskrit word for the underworld; literally, ''of man''. According to some schools of Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism, Naraka is a place of torment, or Hell. The word 'Neraka' (modification of Naraka) in Indonesian and Malaysian has also been used to describe the Islamic concept of Hell. ==Hinduism== (詳細はVedas, is a place where souls are sent for the expiation of their sins. It is mentioned especially in dharmaśāstras, itihāsas and s but also in Vedic samhitas,〔Śukla Yajur Veda 30.5〕〔Atharva Veda 12.4.36〕 Aranyakas〔 2.3.2.4,5〕 and s.〔 1.50〕〔 3〕〔 2, 17〕〔 3〕 Some Upanisads speak of 'darkness' instead of hell.〔' - 3〕 A summary of , Bhagavad Gita, mentions hell several times.〔1.41, 1.43, 16.16, 16.21〕 Even Adi Sankara mentions it in his commentary on Vedanta sutra.〔Vedānta sūtra 4.3.14〕 Still, some people like members of Arya Samaj don't accept the existence of Naraka or consider it metaphorical. In Puranas like Bhagavata Purana, Garuda Purana and Vishnu Purana there are elaborate descriptions of many hells. They are situated above Garbhodaka ocean.〔 5.26.5〕 Yama, Lord of Justice, puts living beings after death for appropriate punishment, for example, in boiling oil. Nitya-samsarins (forever transmigrating ones) can experience Naraka for expiation.〔''Bhakti Schools of Vedanta'', by Swami Tapasyananda〕 After the period of punishment is complete, they are reborn on earth〔 5.26.37〕 in human or animal bodies.〔 2.10.88-89, 2.46.9-10,28〕 Therefore neither naraka nor svarga〔Bhagavad gītā 9.21〕 are permanent abodes. ''Yama Loka'' is the abode of Lord Yama. Yama is ''Dharmaraja'' or Dharma king; Yama Loka is a temporary ''purgatorium'' for sinners (papi). According to Hindu scriptures, Yama's divine assistant Lord Chitragupta maintains a record of the individual deeds of every living being in the world, and based on the complete audit of his deeds, dispatches the soul of the deceased either to Svarga (Heaven) or to the various Narakas according to the nature of their sins. The scriptures describe that even people who have done a majority of good deeds could come to Yama Loka for redemption from the small sins they have committed, and once the punishments have been served for those sins they could be sent for rebirth to earth or to heaven. In the epic of Mahabharata, even the Pandavas (who represent righteousness and virtuousness) spent a brief time in hell for their small sins. At the time of death, sinful souls are vulnerable for capture by Yamadutas, servants of Yama (who comes personally only in special cases). Yama ordered his servants to leave Vaishnavas alone.〔 6.3〕〔 9.1-2〕 Sri Vaishnavas are taken by Vishnudutas to Vaikuntha and Gaudiya Vaishnavas to Goloka. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Naraka」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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