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National-Anarchism is a radical, anti-capitalist, anti-Marxist, anti-statist, right-wing political, economic, social and cultural ideology which emphasizes ethnopluralism, neotribalism, traditionalism, mutualism, and communalism.〔.〕 First-wave National-Anarchists advocate that different ethnic and racial groups should peacefully coexist by developing separately in their own confederations of autonomous tribal communes within a post-capitalist stateless society.〔〔.〕 The term ''National Anarchism'' dates back as far as the 1920s.〔 However, it has been primarily redefined and popularized since the 1990s by British agitator Troy Southgate to promote a synthesis of ideas from the Conservative Revolutionary movement, Traditionalist School, Third Positionism, ''Nouvelle Droite'', and various anarchist schools of thought.〔Troy Southgate; interviewed in ''Kinovar'' magazine, February 2006.〕 National-Anarchists therefore argue they hold a syncretic political stance that is "beyond left and right" because they believe the conventional left–right political spectrum is obsolete and should be replaced with a centralist–decentralist paradigm.〔Troy Southgate; interviewed in ''Alternative Green'' magazine, 2001.〕 The few scholars who have studied National-Anarchism counter that it represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension.〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕 National-Anarchism has elicited skepticism and outright hostility from both left- and right-wing critics. The former accuse National-Anarchists of being white nationalists who are misappropriating a sophisticated post-left anarchist critique of problems with the modern world only to offer ethnic and racial separatism as the solution, while the latter argue they want the militant chic of calling themselves "anarchists" without the historical and philosophical baggage that accompanies such a claim.〔.〕〔.〕 == History == The term ''National Anarchist'' dates back as far as the 1920s, when Helmut Franke, a German conservative revolutionary writer, used it to describe his political stance. However, it would be the writings of other members of the Conservative Revolutionary movement, such as Ernst Jünger, which would later provide the philosophical foundation of the contemporary National-Anarchist movement.〔 In the United Kingdom during the early 1980s, the Black Ram Group, a far-left groupuscule which briefly promoted a synthesis of anarchism, neopaganism and ''völkisch'' nationalism, described its ideology as being ''National Anarchist'' and ''Anarcho-Nationalist''. The Black Ram Group remained within the mainstream anarchist consensus of anti-racism and anti-sexism. Its positive evaluation of nationalism derived not from any roots in far-right political organisations, but from the theoretical consideration that "the pseudo-'nationalism' of the 'nation-''State'' - which anarchists unequivocally oppose...must be distinguished from the nationalism of the ''people'' (Volk) which in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination ''and'' internal authoritarianism, i.e. the State." However, the present usage of term National-Anarchist derives from Hans Cany, editor of the French neo-völkisch music magazine ''Requiem Gothique'', who first used the term in the early 1990s, along with the related terms National-Libertarian and Anarcho-Identitarian. Unbeknown to one another, Cany and Troy Southgate were using the term simultaneously. Around the same time, British editor Richard Hunt left the editorial board of ''Green Anarchist'' magazine, due to a disagreement over political strategies, and formed his own journal, ''Alternative Green''.〔(An Interview with Richard Hunt )〕 Due to ''Alternative Green''s policy of publishing articles from across the political spectrum, the remaining ''Green Anarchist'' staff constantly accused Hunt of supporting ecofascism and a red–green–brown alliance.〔(Stewart Home Society - Green Anarchist Documents )〕 In the mid-1990s, Troy Southgate, a former member of the British National Front and founder of the International Third Position, began to move away from Strasserism and Catholic distributism towards post-left anarchism and the primitivist green anarchism articulated in Hunt's 1997 book ''To End Poverty: The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core''.〔 However, he fused his anarchist ideology with the radical traditionalism of Italian esotericist Julius Evola and the ethnopluralism and pan-European nationalism of French New Right philosopher Alain de Benoist to create a newer form of National-Anarchism.〔 For a period, Southgate was a member of ''Alternative Green''s editorial board, which he had hoped could become a platform to disseminate his National-Anarchist principles into the green anarchist movement.〔 In 1998, inspired by the concept of the Political Soldier and leaderless resistance (see Tom Metzger (white supremacist)), Southgate formed the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) as a clandestine cell system of professional revolutionaries conspiring to overthrow the British state.〔 The NRF stressed this was a "highly militant strategy" and advised that some members may only fund the organization.〔Quote taken from the NRF website. See for a discussion of the NRF's membership structure.〕 Southgate claims that the NRF took part in anti-vivisection protests in August 2000 alongside hunt saboteurs and the Animal Liberation Front by following a strategy of entryism,〔〔.〕 but its only known public action under the ''National-Anarchist'' name was to hold an Anarchist Heretics Fair in October 2000, in which a number of fringe groups participated. However, after a coalition of green anarchists and anti-fascists blocked three further events from being held in 2001, Southgate and the NRF abandoned this strategy and retreated to purely disseminating their ideas in Internet forums.〔〔 The NRF had long been aware of the bridging power of the Internet, which provided it with a reach and influence hitherto not available to the groupuscular right.〔.〕 It thus became part of the Euro-American radical right, a virtual community of European and American right-wing extremists seeking to establish a new pan-national and ethnoreligious identity for all people they believe belong to the "Aryan race".〔 Later, Southgate disavowed guerrilla warfare in favor of back-to-the-land counter-economics to achieve his aims, and disbanded the NRF in 2003. Shortly after Southgate and other NRF associates became involved with ''Synthesis'', the online journal of a forum called the ''Cercle de la Rose Noire'', which seeks a fusion of anarchism, occultism and metapolitics with the contemporary concerns of the ecological and global justice movements. Thus, through the medium of musical subcultures (industrial metal, gothic metal and neo folk music scenes) and the creation of permanent autonomous zones for neo-''völkisch'' communes, they hope to disseminate their subversive ideas throughout society in order to achieve cultural hegemony.〔 Southgate's political evolution concluded in 2005 with him becoming co-organizer of the UK-based New Right, a political philosophy forum which seeks to unite the disparate strands of the British right and align it with the broader European New Right.〔Jonathan Bowden; interviewed on ''The Sunic Journal'' radio program, May 25, 2010. The New Right is discussed 22:40 into the program.〕 The National-Anarchist idea has spread around the world over the Internet, assisted by groups such as the Thule-Seminar which set up web sites in the 1990s.〔.〕 In the United States, only a few web sites have been established but there has been a trend towards a steady increase.〔 National-Anarchism in the U.S. began as a relatively obscure movement, made up of probably fewer than 200 individuals, led by Andrew Yeoman of the Bay Area National Anarchists (BANA), based in the San Francisco Bay Area, and a couple of other groups in Northern California and Idaho. Organizations based on National-Anarchist ideology have gained a foothold in Russia and have been accused of sowing turmoil in the environmental movement in Germany.〔 There are adherents in England, Spain and Australia,〔Welf Herfurth; interviewed in ''Destiny'' magazine, March 2008.〕 among other nations.〔 On 8 September 2007 in Sydney, Australia, the anti-globalization movement mobilized against neoliberal economic policies by opposing the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. During the street protests, National-Anarchists infiltrated the left-anarchist black bloc but the police had to protect them from being expelled by irate activists.〔〔''The Sunday Telegraph'', September 9, 2007."(protest groups ) seemed thankful for the strong police presence. Twenty members of an anarchist movement, all wearing black hoodies with their faces covered by bandanas, were escorted away by police after marching only 20m. The group, New Right Australia and New Zealand, became a focal point for the crowd, who turned on them, accusing them of being Nazis."〕 Since then, National-Anarchists have joined other marches in Australia and in the U.S.; in April 2008, they protested on behalf of the Tibetan independence movement against the Chinese government during the Olympic torch relay in both Canberra, Australia, and San Francisco.〔 National-Anarchists in the U.S. are carefully studying the successes and failures of their more prominent international counterparts as they attempt to similarly win converts from the radical environmentalist and white nationalist movements in the U.S.〔 In 2008, Southgate agreed with Yeoman's proposition that "Tribal Anarchism" is a slightly more accurate description of the goals of the movement. However, the term "National-Anarchism" continues to be the most common way of describing the movement.〔Johnson, Greg (21 August 2009). "(Bay Area National Anarchists: An Interview with Andrew Yeoman, Part 1 )". ''The Occidental Quarterly Online''.〕 On May Day 2010, BANA participated in the Golden Gate Minutemen's march in front of San Francisco City Hall in support of Arizona's anti-illegal immigration senate bill. The march took place during International Workers' Day demonstrations as an attempt to counter mass protest against the bill, in San Francisco's Mission District. Local news media reported that Yeoman and four other National-Anarchists were physically assaulted by about 10 protesters as they left the march.〔''SF Weekly'', May 1, 2010; KGO-TV report, May 1, 2010.〕 On 19 September 2010, Southgate launched the National-Anarchist Movement (N-AM) and unveiled a manifesto.〔N-AM-Manifesto〕 The groupuscule also launched a magazine called ''Tribal Resonance''. In 2012, Black Front Press published three volumes on National-Anarchism, including the N-AM Manifesto.〔http://www.national-anarchist.net/2012/10/n-am-publications.html〕 On November 24, 2012, National-Anarchist activists in Sydney, Australia, attended a Pro-Palestinian rally in support and solidarity with the people of Gaza, in regard to Operation Pillar of Defense, and sporting the Guy Fawkes mask.〔http://www.national-anarchist.net/2012/11/australian-national-anarchists.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National-Anarchism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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