|
White power skinheads are members of a white supremacist and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture.〔(- New York Times - "Neo-Nazi Activity Is Arising Among U.S. Youth" )〕〔(National Geographic - "Profile of the New American Skinheads" )〕 Many of them are affiliated with white nationalist organizations. In the United States, the majority of white power skinhead groups are organized either at the state, county, city or neighborhood level. The Hammerskin Nation (HSN) is one of the few exceptions, due to its international presence.〔(Encyclopedia of Gangs 2007 )〕 ==History== The original skinhead subculture started in the late 1960s, and had heavy British mod and Jamaican rude boy influences — including an appreciation for the black music genres ska, soul music and early reggae.〔〔(Special Articles )〕 The identity of skinheads in the 1960s was neither based on white power nor neo-fascism, but some skinheads (including black skinheads) had engaged in "gay-bashing", "hippie-bashing" and/or "Paki bashing" (violence against random Pakistanis and other Asian immigrants).〔(Skinhead History - the Tilbury Trojan Skins )〕〔(Monty Q&A )〕 The original skinhead scene had mostly died out by 1972, but a late-1970s revival came partly as a backlash against the commercialization of punk rock. This revival coincided with the development of the 2 Tone and Oi! music genres.〔(2 Tone Records )〕〔(skinhead clothing and skinhead fashion )〕〔(www.garry-bushell.co.uk - Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell )〕 The late-1970s skinhead revival in Britain included a sizable white nationalist faction, involving organizations such as the National Front, British Movement, Rock Against Communism and — in the late 1980s — Blood and Honour. Because of this, the mainstream media began to label the whole skinhead identity as neo-Nazi. The racist faction of the skinhead subculture eventually spread to North America, Europe and other areas of the world. White power skinhead groups such as the Hammerskins emerged, and racist skinheads gained acceptance among other organized white power organizations such as the Church of the Creator, White Aryan Resistance and the Ku Klux Klan.〔(Southern Poverty Law Center - Hammerskin Nation )〕〔Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld, Diana Ruth Grant, "Crimes of hate - Chapter: Target recruitment of Nazi Skinheads" - p. 217, 218.〕〔Betty A. Dobratz, Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile, "The white separatist movement in the United States" - pp. 69, 70.〕 In 1988, there were approximately 2,000 neo-Nazi skinheads in the United States. In 1995, neo-Nazi skinheads Malcolm Wright Jr. and James N. Burmeister were charged in the murder of an African American couple in North Carolina.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Ex-G.I. at Fort Bragg Is Convicted in Killing of 2 Blacks )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Another Soldier Convicted in Race-Based Killings )〕 Wright and Burmeister were in the United States Army, and part of Fort Bragg's 82 Airborne Division. Wright and Burmeister were both arrested at a trailer park where police found a 9-mm semiautomatic pistol, a Nazi flag, white supremacist pamphlets, and other gang paraphernalia. Both men were sentenced to life in prison. According to a 2007 report by the Anti-Defamation League, groups such as white power skinheads, neo-Nazis, and the Ku Klux Klan had been growing more active in the United States, with a particular focus on opposing immigration, specifically from Mexico.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「White power skinhead」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|