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Necrophoresis
Necrophoresis is a behavior found in social insects – such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites – in which they carry the dead bodies of members of their colony from the nest or hive area.〔López-Riquelme, G. O., Fanjul-Moles, M. L., "The Funeral Ways of Social Insects. Social Strategies for Corpse Disposal" Trends in Entomology, Volume 9 (2013), pp 71-129.()〕 This acts as a sanitary measure to prevent disease or infection from spreading throughout the colony. Although any member of a colony can carry the bodies, it is usually done by designated ‘undertakers’. Ant undertakers have a slightly altered development cycle, and are much more likely than other ants to handle corpse removal. They are not restricted to performing only this task, but they do exhibit different behavioral and movement patterns than other members of the colony, which assist them in this task.〔Trumbo, Stephen T., Huang, Zhi-Yong, Robinson, Gene E., "Division of Labor Between Undertaker Specialists and Other Middle-aged Workers in Honey Bee Colonies" Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, Vol. 41 No. 3 (1997), pp. 151-163〕 Non-undertaker ants may also remove dead bodies, but do so with much less consistency. Differentiating between dead and living insects is accomplished by detecting their chemical signature. Depending on the species, this can be communicated by either the absence of chemicals that are present when they are alive, or by those released in decaying corpses.〔Choe, Dong-Hwan, Millar, Jocelyn G., Rust, Michael K., Hildebrand, John G., "Chemical Signals Associated with Life Inhibit Necrophoresis in Aegentine Ants", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 106 No. 20 (May 10, 2009), pp. 8251-8255.〕 Corpses will either be taken to a random point a certain distance away from the nest, or placed in a refuse pile closer to the nest, along with other waste.
The removal of corpses carrying infectious disease is crucial to the health of a colony. Efforts to eliminate colonies of fire ants, for instance, include introducing pathogens into the population, but this has limited efficacy where the infected insects are quickly separated from the population. However, certain infections have been shown to delay the removal of dead bodies or alter where they are placed.〔Fan, Yanhua, Pereira, Roberto M., Kilic, Engin, CAsella, George, Keyhani, Nemat O., "Pyrokinin b-Neuropeptide Affects Necrophoretic Behavior in Fire Ants (S. invicta), and Expression of b-NP in a Mycoinsecticide Increases Its Virulence" PLoS ONE, Vol. 7 Issue 1, January 2012〕 Although placing corpses farther away reduces the risk of infection, it also requires more energy. Burial and cannibalism are other recorded methods of corpse disposal among social insects. Termites have been shown to use burial when they cannot afford to devote workers to necrophoresis, especially when forming a new colony.〔Chouvenc T., Robert A., Semon E., Bordereau C., "Burial behavior by dealates of the termite Pseudacanthotermes spiniger (Termitidae, Macrotermitinae) induced by chemical signals from termite corpses", Published online: International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI) 17 September 2011〕
== References ==
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