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Nefesh
A nefesh (plural: ''nefashot'') is a Semitic monument placed near a grave so as to be seen from afar.
==Nabataea==
In a Nabataean votive inscription from Salkhad, an Aramaic heap of stones set up in memorial is described as "for Allat and her ''wgr''", a term equated to the Hasaitic ''nephesh''. In Sabean, this term could mean a tumulus above a tomb, while in Arabic this term could indicate a grotto or a tomb.〔Robert Wenning, “The Betyls of Petra,”Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No.324. Nabataean Petra (Nov., 2001),83〕 The term ''nephesh'' is also linked to the Greek ''stele''.〔Bert de Vries, "'Be of good cheer!No one on earth is immortal':Religious Symbolism in Tomb Architecture and Epitaphs at the Umm el-Jimal and Tall Hisban Cemeteries,"in Douglas R. Clark et al, ed. ''The Madaba Plains Project: Forty Years of Archaeological Research in Jordan's Past.'' Equinox, 2011 803-805〕
An aniconic culture, the Nabataean representation of deities lacked figural imagery. Related to betyls, ''nepheshes'' served as aniconic memorial markers for the dead. Unlike the Israelite prohibition of the graven image, Nabataean aniconism allows anthropomorphic representation of deities but demonstrates a preference for non- figural imagery. Betyls are one form of Nabataean aniconic sculpture. Often explained as representations of Dushara, the central Nabataean deity, betyls occur in a wide variety of shapes, groupings, and niches. This variety suggests that betyls may be representative of other deities as well.〔Robert Wenning, “The Betyls of Petra,”Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No.324. Nabataean Petra (Nov., 2001), 79.〕
The Nabataean ''nephesh'' is a standing stone, obeliskoid in shape, often featuring a blossom/pinecone or stylized crown on the top. Roughly carved or engraved in bas-relief, these structures are often set upon a base that bears the name of the deceased. Occurring outside and inside tombs,some are engraved near or in votive niches.However, many ''nepheseshes'' can be found unconnected from tombs, and many line the paths to Petra or along other protruding rock faces such as those of the Siq.〔Robert Wenning, “The Betyls of Petra,”Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No.324. Nabataean Petra (Nov., 2001),87-88〕 An example of this type of funerary marker can be found in the Obelisk Tomb and Bab el-Siq Triclinium, Petra, Jordan.
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