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The term ''negiah'' ((ヘブライ語:נגיעה)),〔Earlier sources do not use the word "negiah," but use the word "k'reiva" (coming near) or one of its grammatical variations. See, e.g. Sefer Mitzvos Gadol 126; Rambam Issurei Biah 21:1.〕 literally "touch," is the concept in Jewish law (Halakha) that forbids or restricts physical contact with a member of the opposite sex (except for one's spouse,〔 All physical contact between spouses, even when not done in a "''derekh khiba v'taavah''" ((ヘブライ語:דרך חבה ותאוה) defined below), is prohibited when the wife is in the status of niddah (see Yoreh Deah 195:2 and Badei HaShulchan at 14). For a perspective on the benefits of such monthly separation, see ''Marital Intimacy'' by Rabbi Avraham Peretz Friedman, p.p. 27–42 (Compass Books 2005).〕 children, siblings,〔Siblings should avoid forbidden physical contact (defined below) where both have reached puberty. ''Halichos Bas Yisrael'' vol. 1, 7:20 (p. 110 note 31); see Tractate Sabbath 13a; Rambam ''Hilchos Issurei Biah'' 21:6 and ''Magid Mishna''; Even HaEzer 21:7 and Chelkas M'Chokek 8. According to Rambam and Shulchan Aruch, this is, at most, a Rabbinic prohibition. See Otzar HaPoskim Even HaEzer 21:51.〕 grandchildren,〔With regard to grandchildren, the term used by the poskim (halakhic authorities) is ''bas bito'' (Hebrew "his daughter's daughter"). However, this is assumed by most authorities to include all grandchildren. See ''Halichos Bas Yisrael'', cited above; see also Otzar HaPoskim Even HaEzer 21:52, paragraph #2. (Poskim do not appear to explicitly discuss great-grandparents and great-grandchildren. However, the Hebrew term for grandchildren (B'nei Banim) can also be more broadly interpreted to mean direct descendants, no matter how many generations apart ).〕 parents, and grandparents).〔Even HaEzer 21:7 and Beis Shmuel 14; ''Halichos Bas Yisrael '' by Rav Yitzchak Yaakov Fuchs, vol. 1 p. 108-109 (English edition, Targum Press 1985).〕 A person who abides by this halakha is colloquially described as a ''shomer negiah'' ("one observant of negiah").〔(The term is somewhat controversial; see, e.g )〕 The laws of ''negiah'' are typically followed by Orthodox Jews, with varying levels of observance. Some Orthodox Jews follow the laws with strict modesty and take measures to avoid ''accidental'' contact, such as avoiding sitting next to a member of the opposite sex on a bus, airplane, or other similar seating situation. Others are more lenient, only avoiding purposeful contact. Adherents of Conservative and Reform Judaism do not follow these laws. ==Biblical prohibition and subsequent exegesis== The prohibition of ''negiah'' is derived from two verses in Leviticus: "Any man shall not approach (קרב ''qarab'') his close relative to uncover nakedness; I am God" (18:6), and: "You shall not approach a woman in her time of unclean separation, to uncover her nakedness" (18:19).〔Translation follows the Stone Edition of the Chumash (Mesorah Publications 1993).〕 Although the verses speak in the masculine gender, women are equally bound by these commandments, just as they are obligated in virtually all negative commandments.〔See ''Mishna Kiddushin'' 29a, and Rambam ''Hilchos Avodas Kochavim'' 12:3 (stating that women are obligated in all negative commandments, with only three exceptions, not pertinent here). See also Rashi to Leviticus 18:6, who states explicitly that women are bound by the commandment found in that verse.〕 The former verse is viewed by the Tannaim of late antiquity (70–200 CE) as referring to an expansive prohibition against "coming near" (קרב ''qarab'') any of the ''arayot,'' or biblically prohibited sexual relations, which includes most close relatives.〔Sifra Acharei Mot (13,2), cited in Sefer Mitzvos Gadol 126 and Shiurei Shevet HaLeivi (3rd edition 1998) p.1. For a list of the forbidden arayot, see Leviticus 18:6–23, and 20:10–21〕 The latter verse is viewed as referring to the prohibition against "coming near" any woman who is in Niddah status (menstruating) (or not she is otherwise one of the Arayot ).〔Sifra Acharei Mot (13,2) cited in Sefer Mitzvos Gadol 126 and Shiurei Shevet HaLeivi p.1.〕 The same actions are forbidden under both verses.〔See Sifra Acharei Mot (13,2), cited in Sefer Mitzvos Gadol 126 and Shiurei Shevet HaLeivi p.1; see also Tractate Sabbath 13a (stating that the same acts that may not be done with someone else's wife (any other of the arayot ), such as sleeping in the same bed, may not be done with a woman in Niddah status).〕 The prohibition against physical contact with ''arayot'' is codified by Rishonim including Maimonides (''Hilchos Issurei Biah'' 21:1) and the Moses ben Jacob of Coucy (''Sefer Mitzvos Gadol'' 126), who note the consideration of whether the contact is done ''derekh (v' )taavah'' (דרך (ו )תאוה) in a(affectionate or ) lustful manner. The biblical etiology of Maimonide's prohibition is disputed by Nachmanides, who refers to the derivation from Leviticus 18:6 as an ''asmachta'' (a rabbinic prohibition with a biblical allusion) and not true exegesis.〔Nachmanides ''Hasagos'' to Sefer HaMitzvos, Negative Commandment 353〕 Maimonides and the ''Shulchan Aruch'' formulate this prohibition as "hugging, kissing, or enjoying close physical contact" ("chibbuk venishuk veneheneh bekiruv basar").〔Rambam (Maimonides) ''Hilchos Issurei Biah'' 21:1 and ''Even HaEzer'' 20:1, as explained by ''Be'er Heitev'' 2.〕 They do not indicate that mere touching is forbidden. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Negiah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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