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Négritude
''Négritude'' is a literary and ideological philosophy, developed by francophone African intellectuals, writers, and politicians in France during the 1930s. Its initiators included Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor (a future President of Senegal), and Léon Damas of French Guiana. ''Négritude'' intellectuals disfavored French colonialism and claimed that the best strategy to oppose it was to encourage a common racial identity for black Africans worldwide. They included the Marxist ideas they favored as part of this philosophy. The writers generally used a realist literary style, but later were also influenced somewhat by the Surrealism style, and in 1932 the manifesto "Murderous Humanitarianism" was signed by prominent Surrealists including the Martiniquans Pierre Yoyotte and J. M. Monnerot.
The term ' was meant to be provocative. It takes its roots from the Latin '','' which was used exclusively in a racist context within France. It would be used to refer to black people as '' nigre''. Negritude sought to appropriate the word. The term was first used in its present sense by Césaire, in the third issue of ''L'Étudiant noir'', a magazine which he had started in Paris with fellow students Léopold Senghor and Léon Damas, as well as Gilbert Gratiant, Leonard Sainville, Louis T. Achille, Aristide Maugée, and Paulette Nardal. ''L'Étudiant noir'' also includes Césaire's first published work, ''Conscience Raciale et Révolution Sociale'' with the heading "Les Idées" and the rubric "Negreries", which is notable for its disavowal of assimilation as a valid strategy for resistance and for its use of the word ' as a positive term. The problem with assimilation was that one assimilated into a culture that considered African culture to be barbaric and unworthy of being seen as "civilized". The assimilation into this culture would have been seen as an implicit acceptance of this view. ''Nègre'' previously had been used mainly in a pejorative sense. Césaire deliberately incorporated this derogatory word into the name of his philosophy.
==Influences==
In 1885, Haitian anthropologist Anténor Firmin published an early work ''De l'Égalité des Races Humaines'' (On the Equality of Human Races), which was published as a rebuttal to French writer Count Arthur de Gobineau's publication Essai sur l'inegalite des Races Humaines (''An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races''). Firmin influenced Jean Price-Mars, the initiator of Haitian ethnology, and 20th-century American anthropologist Melville Herskovits. Black intellectuals have historically been proud of Haiti due to its slave revolution commanded by Toussaint L'Ouverture during the 1790s. Césaire spoke, thus, of Haiti as being "where négritude stood up for the first time".
The Harlem Renaissance, a literary style developed in Harlem in Manhattan during the 1920s and 1930s, influenced the Negritude philosophy.〔Murphey, David "Birth of a Nation? The Origins of Senegalese Literature in French", ''Research in African Literature'' 39.1 (2008): 48–69. Web. 9 Nov 2009. .〕 The Harlem Renaissance's writers, including Langston Hughes and Richard Wright, addressed the themes of "noireism" and race relations.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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