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Nematology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of nematodes, or roundworms. Although nematological investigation dates back to the days of Aristotle or even earlier, nematology as an independent discipline has its recognizable beginnings in the mid to late 19th century.〔Chen, Z. X., Chen, S. Y., and Dickson, D. W. 2004. A Century of Plant Nematology. Pages 1-42 in: Nematology Advances and Perspectives, Vol 1. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, China.〕〔Chitwood, B. G., and Chitwood, M. B. 1950. An Introduction to Nematology. Pages 1-5 in: Introduction to Nematology. University Park Press, Baltimore.〕 == History: pre-1850 == Nematology research, like most fields of science, has its foundations in observations and the recording of these observations. The earliest written account of a nematode "sighting," as it were, may be found in the Pentateuch of the Old Testament in the Bible, in the Fourth Book of Moses called Numbers: "And the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died".〔Holy Bible, King James Version. 1979. Page 227. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah.〕 Although no empirical data exists to test the hypothesis, many nematologists assume and circumstantial evidence suggests the "fiery serpents" to be the Guinea worm, ''Dracunculus medinensis'', as this nematode is known to inhabit the region near the Red Sea.〔 Before 1750, a large number of nematode observations were recorded, many by the notable great minds of ancient civilization. Hippocrates〔Hippocrates (460-375 B.C.) 1849. Works of Hippocrates, translated by F. Adams. London, "Aphorisms."〕 (ca. 420 B.C.), Aristotle〔Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) 1910. Historia animalium. Translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. In: Works. J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross, eds. Vol. IV. Garrison Morton.〕 (ca. 350 B.C.), Celsus〔Celsus, A. C. (53 B.C.-7 A.D.) 1657. De medicina libri octo, ex recognitione Joh. Antonidae von Linden D. & Prof. Med. Pract. Ord.〕 (ca 10 B.C.), Galen〔Galen, C. (130-200) 1552. De simplicum medicamentorum faculatibus libre xi. Lugdoni.〕 (ca. 180 A.D.) and Redi〔Redi, F. 1684. Page 253 in: Osservazioni...intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi. 26 pls. Firenze.〕 (1684) all described nematodes parasitizing humans or other large animals and birds. Borellus〔Borellus, P. 1653. Page 240 in: Historiarum, et observationum medicophysicarum, centuria prima, etc. Castris.〕 (1653) was the first to observe and describe a free-living nematode, which he dubbed the "vinegar eel;" and Tyson〔Tyson, E. 1683. Lumbricus teres, or some anatomical observations on the round worm bred in human bodies. Phil. Tr., Lond. (146), v. 13:154-161.〕 (1683) used a crude microscope to describe the rough anatomy of the human intestinal roundworm, ''Ascaris lumbricoides''. Other well-known microscopists spent time observing and describing free-living and animal-parasitic nematodes: Hooke〔Hooke, R. 1667. Micrographia: etc. London.〕 (1683), Leeuwenhoek 〔Leeuwenhoek, O. 1722. Opera omnia seu arcana naturae (etc.). Lugduni Batavorum.〕 (1722), Needham〔Needham, T. 1743. A letter concerning certain chalky tubulous concretions called malm; with some microscopical observations on the farina of the red lily, and of worms discovered in smutty corn. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. 42:173, 174, 634-641.〕 (1743), and Spallanzani〔Spallanzani, L. 1769. Nouvelles recherches sur les decouvertes microscopiques, etc. Londres & Paris.〕 (1769) are among these.〔 Observations and descriptions of plant parasitic nematodes, which were less conspicuous to ancient scientists, didn't receive as much or as early attention as did animal parasites. The earliest allusion to a plant parasitic nematode is, however, preserved in famous writ. "Sowed cockle, reap'd no corn," a line by William Shakespeare penned in 1594 in ''Love's Labour's Lost'', Act IV, Scene 3, most certainly has reference to blighted wheat caused by the plant parasite, ''Anguina tritici''.〔Thorne, G. 1961. Introduction. Pages 1-21 in: Principles of Nematology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.〕 Needham〔 (1743) solved the "riddle of cockle" when he crushed one of the diseased wheat grains and observed "Aquatic Animals...denominated Worms, Eels, or Serpents, which they very much resemble." It is likely that few or no other recorded observations of plant parasitic nematodes or their effects are to be found in ancient literature.〔Steiner, G. 1960. Nematology-An Outlook. Pages 3-7 in: Nematology: Fundamentals and Recent Advances. J. N. Sasser and W. R. Jenkins, eds. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.〕 From 1750 to the early 1900s, nematology research continued to be descriptive and taxonomic, focusing primarily on free-living nematodes and plant and animal parasites.〔Van Gundy, S. D. 1987. Perspectives on Nematology Research. Pages 28-31 in: Vistas on Nematology. J. A. Veech and D. W. Dickson, eds. Society of Nematologists, Inc. Hyattsville, Maryland.〕 During this period a number of productive researchers contributed to the field of nematology in the United States and abroad. Beginning with Needham and continuing to Cobb, nematologists compiled and continuously revised a broad descriptive morphological taxonomy of nematodes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nematology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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