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Neolamprologus
''Neolamprologus'' is a genus of cichlids endemic to eastern Africa with all but one species, ''Neolamprologus devosi'' from the Malagarasi River, occurring in Lake Tanganyika. It is the largest genus of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika and also the largest genus in the tribe Lamprologini, which includes ''Altolamprologus'', ''Chalinochromis'', ''Julidochromis'', ''Lamprologus'', ''Lepidiolamprologus'', ''Telmatochromis'' and ''Variabilichromis''. The latter is a monotypic genus doubtfully distinct from ''Neolamprologus''.
It is already known for some time that according to mtDNA sequence analysis, this genus is very probably polyphyletic. It is likely that it will be revised eventually; if ''Variabilichromis'' is split off, at least some of the more ancient lineages currently polaced in ''Neolamprologus'' are probably worthy of separation also. However, the morphological similarity and numerous undescribed species do not make analyses easier, and as with many cichlids, recent speciation and abundant hybridization seriously confound molecular studies to the point where single-gene studies or those using only mtDNA or nDNA are essentially worthless for resolving Lamprologini phylogeny.〔Sturmbauer ''et al.'' (1994), Day ''et al.'' (2007)〕
While lineages are clearly different in their morphology, habits and ecology, gene flow between genera and species is common enough due to extremely low postzygotic isolation. Males of ''Neolamprologus'' apparently have always readily and successfully mated with females of other Lamprologini they found ready to spawn: mtDNA lineages similar to other Lamprologini genera are widely encountered in species placed in ''Neolamprologus''. And not only do such hybrids seem to be fertile at least to a limited extent in many cases, new species often appear to originate from such interbreeding.〔Day ''et al.'' (2007)〕
==Species==
There are currently 50 recognized species in this genus:
* '' Neolamprologus bifasciatus'' Büscher, 1993* '' Neolamprologus boulengeri'' Steindachner, 1909* '' Neolamprologus brevis'' Boulenger, 1899* '' Neolamprologus brichardi'' Poll, 1974* '' Neolamprologus buescheri'' Staeck, 1983* '' Neolamprologus cancellatus'' Aibara, T. Takahashi & Nakaya, 2005* '' Neolamprologus caudopunctatus'' Poll, 1978* '' Neolamprologus chitamwebwai'' Verburg & I. R. Bills, 2007* '' Neolamprologus christyi'' Trewavas & Poll, 1952* '' Neolamprologus crassus'' Brichard, 1989* '' Neolamprologus cylindricus'' Staeck & Seegers, 1986* '' Neolamprologus devosi'' Schelly, Stiassny & Seegers, 2003* '' Neolamprologus falcicula'' Brichard, 1989* '' Neolamprologus fasciatus'' Boulenger, 1898* '' Neolamprologus furcifer'' Boulenger, 1898* '' Neolamprologus gracilis'' Brichard, 1989* '' Neolamprologus hecqui'' Boulenger, 1899* '' Neolamprologus helianthus'' Büscher, 1997* '' Neolamprologus leleupi'' Poll, 1956* '' Neolamprologus leloupi'' Poll, 1948* '' Neolamprologus longicaudatus'' Nakaya & Gashagaza, 1995* '' Neolamprologus longior'' Staeck, 1980* '' Neolamprologus marunguensis'' Büscher, 1989* '' Neolamprologus meeli'' Poll, 1948* '' Neolamprologus modestus'' Boulenger, 1898* '' Neolamprologus mondabu'' Boulenger, 1906* '' Neolamprologus multifasciatus'' Boulenger, 1906* '' Neolamprologus mustax'' Poll, 1978* '' Neolamprologus niger'' Poll, 1956* '' Neolamprologus nigriventris'' Büscher, 1992* '' Neolamprologus obscurus'' Poll, 1978* '' Neolamprologus olivaceous'' Brichard, 1989* '' Neolamprologus pectoralis'' Büscher, 1991* '' Neolamprologus petricola'' Poll, 1949* '' Neolamprologus pleuromaculatus'' Trewavas & Poll, 1952* '' Neolamprologus prochilus'' R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1977* '' Neolamprologus pulcher'' Trewavas & Poll, 1952* '' Neolamprologus savoryi'' Poll, 1949* '' Neolamprologus schreyeni'' Poll, 1974* '' Neolamprologus sexfasciatus'' Trewavas & Poll, 1952* '' Neolamprologus similis'' Büscher, 1992* '' Neolamprologus splendens'' Brichard, 1989* '' Neolamprologus tetracanthus'' Boulenger, 1899 (Fourspine cichlid) * '' Neolamprologus timidus'' S. O. Kullander, Norén, Mi. Karlsson & Ma. Karlsson, 2014 〔Kullander, S.O., Norén, M., Karlsson, M. & Karlsson, M. (2014): ( Description of ''Neolamprologus timidus'', new species, and review of ''N. furcifer'' from Lake Tanganyika (Teleostei: Cichlidae). ) ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24 (4) ( ): 301-328.''〕 * '' Neolamprologus toae'' Poll, 1949* '' Neolamprologus tretocephalus'' Boulenger, 1899* '' Neolamprologus variostigma'' Büscher, 1995* '' Neolamprologus ventralis'' Büscher, 1995* '' Neolamprologus walteri'' Verburg & I. R. Bills, 2007* '' Neolamprologus wauthioni'' Poll, 1949
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