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Neolog Judaism
Neologs ((ハンガリー語:neológ irányzat), "Neolog Fraction") are the segment of Hungarian Jewry which was more inclined toward integration during the Era of Emancipation in the 19th century. Religiously, the rabbis identified with them were influenced primarily by Zecharias Frankel's Positive-Historical School, from which Conservative Judaism evolved as well. Their rift with the Orthodox was institutionalized following the 1868-1869 Hungarian Jewish Congress, and they became a de facto separate current. The Neologs remained organizationally independent in the territories ceded under the terms of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, and are still the largest grouping among Hungary's Jews today.
==Background==
(詳細はKingdom of Hungary. Rabbi Aaron Chorin of Arad was an early proponent of religious modification; from the publication of his 1803 book "Emeq ha-Shave" and onwards, he dismissed Practical Kabbalah and the Book of Radiance, authored guidelines for modernizing Judaism according to Talmudic principles and sought to remove what he regarded as superstitious or primitive elements, like spitting in the prayer of Aleinu. In 1818, Chorin was one of the few rabbis who backed the Hamburg Temple. However, while drawing the ire of Hungarian Orthodoxy headed by Rabbi Moses Sofer of Pressburg, he had but meager following in his country. The rural character and social seclusion of the Jews in the kingdom offered little incentive for his endeavor.〔Michael K. Silber. ''The Historical Experience of German Jewry and its Impact on Haskalah and Reform in Hungary''. In Jacob Katz, ed., ''Toward Modernity: The European Jewish Model'' (New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books, 1987), pp. 107–157.〕
Matters changed with the commencement of the Hungarian Reform Era in 1825, especially after virtually all limitations on Jewish settlement were removed in 1840. The kingdom's Jews underwent rapid urbanization and acculturation, and many began to assimilate. A gradual linguistic shift from Yiddish to German took place, and later to Hungarian. The pressures which motivated German Jews to seek aesthetic changes in their synagogues a generation earlier began to manifest themselves. In addition, the local Liberals – Lajos Kossuth among them – insisted that Emancipation would be granted only after Jews would abandon the customs which set them apart from society and will fully integrate. As in Germany, both moderate and extreme religious reformers in Hungary opposed this demand, claiming civil rights should be unconditional and that the changes they instituted were made for their own sake. However, there was a clear correlation between the levels of education and acculturation to support of those. At that time, the assimilated have long since ceased to uphold traditional religious rules like keeping the Sabbath or requiring Jewish-cooked food.〔Jacob Katz. ha-Ḳeraʻ she-lo nitʼaḥah : perishat ha-Ortodoḳsim mi-kelal ha-ḳehilot be-Hungaryah uve-Germanyah. Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History (1995). ISBN 9789652270948. pp. 42-47.〕
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