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Nepotism is favoritism granted to relatives. The term originated with the assignment of nephews to cardinal positions by Catholic popes and bishops. Nepotism can occur in various fields including: politics, entertainment, education, business, and religion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = The Free Dictionary )〕〔("Nepotism." ) Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.〕 ==Origins== (詳細は"Nepotism." ) Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.〕〔 〕 which is based on Latin root ''nepos'', meaning nephew or grandson.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=CTCWeb Glossary ) 〕 Since the Middle Ages and until the late 17th century, some Catholic popes and bishops, who had taken vows of chastity, and therefore usually had no legitimate offspring of their own, gave their nephews such positions of preference as were often accorded by fathers to son.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=New Catholic Dictionary ) 〕 Several popes elevated nephews and other relatives to the cardinalate. Often, such appointments were a means of continuing a papal "dynasty". For instance, Pope Callixtus III, head of the Borgia family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming Pope Alexander VI.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=New Catholic Dictionary ) 〕 Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become Pope Paul III.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=Catholic Encyclopedia ) 〕 Paul III also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. The practice was finally ended when Pope Innocent XII issued the bull ''Romanum decet Pontificem'', in 1692.〔 The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nepotism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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