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Ngarrindjeri
The Ngarrindjeri (literal translation "the people who belong to this land") are an Australian Aboriginal nation, language group or confederation of 18 ''lakinyeri'' (clans or tribes),〔F. Donald Pate, 2006, "Hunter-gatherer social complexity at Roonka Flat, South Australia", Bruno David, Bryce Barker & Ian McNiven (eds),''The Social Archaeology of Australian Indigenous Societies''. Canberra: AIATSIS Aboriginal Studies Press, p. 239.〕 and 77 family groups, who speak related dialects of the Ngarrindjeri language. They are the traditional Aboriginal people of the lower Murray River, western Fleurieu Peninsula, and the Coorong of southern, central Australia. "Much of the early literature on this south-eastern region refers to the Aborigines collectively as the Ngarrindjeri 'confederacy' or 'nation', but in the Berndt's view this is misleading. Although there was freedom of movement over the region, and many bonds linked the culturally similar 'tribes' or dialect-named units that comprise the Ngarrindjeri, there was no political unity to warrant the 'nation' or 'confederacy' labels."〔(Ronald Murray Berndt, Catherine Helen Berndt, John E. Stanton 1993, "A World That Was: The Yaraldi of the Murray River and the Lakes, South Australia", Forward xxvii )〕 However, other sources disagree. For instance, Donald Pate states:
:Taplin (1879, p. 34) estimates that there were eighteen territorial clans or ''Lakalinyeri'' that constituted the Ngarrindjeri ‘confederacy’ or ‘nation’. Each territorial clan was administered by a group of ten to twelve men or elders, referred to as the ''Tendi''. The ''Tendi'' from each clan collectively elected the ''Rupulli'' or the head of the entire Ngarrindjeri confederacy. () Thus, the Ngarrindjeri were landowners who had a centralised and hierarchical government to administer the laws of the confederacy and its eighteen independent territories.〔
Ngarrindjeri was originally the name of the language group; Europeans subsequently used it as a collective name for the lakinyeri following colonisation. Variations in spelling are common due to their use as family group names and include Narinyerrie, Narrin’yerree, Narrinjeri and Narrinyeri. In Ngarrindjeri grammar the –nyeri -ndjeri suffix means ''belonging to'' a specific place or area.〔(Status of Indigenous Languages in South Australia ) Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. May 2002〕 The name ''Kukabrak'' also refers to the tribes of the Lower Lakes, however the name ''Ngarrindjeri'' was popularised in the 19th century by missionary George Taplin.〔(Berndt & Berndt 1993 "A World That Was: The Yaraldi of the Murray River and the Lakes, South Australia", Ch1 The land and the people p21 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】South Australian Museum">title=Ngunderi ) 〕
==Traditional lands==
The Ngarrindjeri's traditional areas extend from Mannum, South Australia downstream through Murray Bridge and Victor Harbor and along the coast through Goolwa to Cape Jervis, including Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert.
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