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''Lapsana communis'' (nipplewort) is a species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It is native to Europe and southwestern Asia. and widely naturalized in other regions including North America.〔(Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Lapsana'' )〕〔(Flora of North America, ''Lapsana communis'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 811. 1753. )〕〔(Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map )〕 ==Description== Nipplewort is an annual〔Parnell, J. and Curtis, Y. 2012 ''Webb's An Irish Flora.'' Cork University Press. ISBN 978-185918-4783〕 or perennial herbaceous plant growing to tall, with erect, hairy branching stems and clear (not milky) sap. The leaves are alternate and spirally arranged; the larger leaves at the base of the flowering stem are often pinnate, with a large oval terminal leaflet and one to four small side leaflets, while smaller leaves higher on the stem are simple oval; all leaves have toothed margins. The flowers are yellow, produced in a capitulum diameter, the capitula being numerous in loose clusters at the top of the stem.〔Flora of Northwestern Europe: (''Lapsana communis'' )〕〔Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. ISBN 0-340-40170-2〕 The capitulum is surrounded by a whorl of involucral bracts, the outer ones very small and the inner ones erect, narrow and stiff and all the same length. The eight to fifteen florets are pale yellow and shaped like a tongue with a five-toothed tip. Each has five stamens and a gynoecium composed of two fused carpels. The fruit is a cypsela surrounded by the hardened remains of the involucral bracts. The numerous small seeds are retained in the cypsela until the plant is shaken by the wind or a passing animal.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nipplewort: ''Lapsana communis'' )〕 ;Subspecies〔〔〔Flora Europaea: (''Lapsana communis'' )〕〔Germplasm Resources Information Network: (''Lapsana communis'' )〕 *''Lapsana communis'' subsp. ''adenophora'' (Boiss.) Rech.f. -- Southeast Europe *''Lapsana communis'' subsp. ''alpina'' (Boiss. & Balansa) P.D.Sell. -- Crimea *''Lapsana communis'' subsp. ''communis''—Most of Europe, except the southeast *''Lapsana communis'' subsp. ''grandiflora'' (M. Bieb.) P.D.Sell. -- Southwest Asia *''Lapsana communis'' subsp. ''intermedia'' (M. Bieb.) Hayek. -- Southwest Asia, southeast Europe *''Lapsana communis'' subsp. ''pisidica'' (Boiss. & Heldr.) Rech.f. -- Greece 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lapsana communis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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