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''Nitrosomonas'' is a genus of rod-shaped chemoautotrophic bacteria.〔http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Nitrosomonas〕 This organism oxidizes ammonia into nitrite as a metabolic process. ''Nitrosomonas'' are useful in bioremediation. They are important in the nitrogen cycle by increasing the availability of nitrogen to plants while limiting carbon dioxide fixation.〔 The genus is found in soil, freshwater, and on building surfaces, especially in areas that contains high levels of nitrogen compounds. ''Nitrosomonas'' prefers an optimum pH of 6.0-9.0 and a temperature range of 20 to 30°C. Most species are motile with a flagellum located in the polar regions. The organism has power generating membranes, which form long, thin tubes inside the cell. These use electrons from the oxidation of ammonia to produce energy.〔 It obtains the carbon it requires from the atmosphere via carbon fixation, which converts carbon in a gaseous form into carbon bound in organic molecules. Unlike plants, which fix carbon into sugar through energy gained through the process of photosynthesis, ''Nitrosomonas'' use energy gained through the oxidation of ammonia to fix gaseous carbon dioxide into organic molecules. ''Nitrosomonas'' must consume large amounts of ammonia before cell division can occur, and the process of cell division may take up to several days. This microbe is photophobic, and will generate a biofilm matrix or form clumps with other microbes to avoid light.〔 The species ''Nitrosomonas europaea'' has been identified as also being able to degrade a variety of halogenated compounds including trichloroethylene, benzene, and vinyl chloride.〔http://genome.jgi-psf.org/finished_microbes/niteu/niteu.home.html〕 Some ''Nitrosomonas'' species possess the enzyme, urease, which catalyzes the conversion of the urea molecule to two ammonia molecules and one carbon dioxide molecule. ''Nitrosomonas europaea'', as well as populations of soil-dwelling ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), have been shown to assimilate the carbon dioxide released by the reaction to make biomass via the Calvin Cycle, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite. This feature may explain enhanced growth of AOB in the presence of urea in acidic environments.〔Marsh, K. L., G. K. Sims, and R. L. Mulvaney. 2005. Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of 14C- and 15N-labeled urea added to soil. Biol. Fert. Soil. 42:137-145.〕 Some sources regard Nitrobacteraceae to be the family of the genus ''Nicosomonas''. ==See also== * Nitrate * Nitrite * Nitrobacter * Nitrobacteraceae * Nitrogen cycle * Nitrospira * Nitrospirae 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nitrosomonas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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