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Non-simultaneity or nonsynchronism (German: ''Ungleichzeitigkeit'', sometimes also translated as non-synchronicity) is a concept in the writings of Ernst Bloch which denotes the time lag, or uneven temporal development, produced in the social sphere by the processes of capitalist modernization and/or the incomplete nature of those processes. The term, especially in the phrase "the simultaneity of the non-simultaneous", has been used subsequently in predominantly Marxist theories of modernity, world-systems, postmodernity and globalization. == In the work of Ernst Bloch == The phrase "the non-simultaneity of the simultaneous" (''die 'Ungleichzeitigket' des Gleichzeitigen'') was first used by the German art historian Wilhelm Pinder in his 1926 book ''Das Problem der Generation in der Kunstgeschichte Europas'' ("The Problem of Generation in European Art History"). Bloch's principal use of the term "non-simultaneity" was in an essay from 1932 which attempted to explain the rise and popularity of National Socialism in Germany in the light of the capitalist economic crisis of the Great Depression〔 This translation is from the corresponding chapter in ''Erbschaft dieser Zeit''.〕 and which became a chapter of his influential 1935 study ''Heritage of our Times'' (''Erbschaft dieser Zeit''). The essay's central idea is that heterogeneous stages of social and economic development coexist simultaneously in 1930s Germany. Because of uneven modernization, Bloch argues, there remained in Germany, "this classical land of non-simultaneity",〔Bloch, ''Heritage'', p.106.〕 significant traces of pre-capitalist relations of production: Not all people exist in the same Now. They do so only externally, by virtue of the fact that they may all be seen today. But that does not mean that they are living at the same time with others. The text signals that to some extent these ideas derive from Marx's ''Critique of Political Economy'', and in particular his notion of "the unequal rate of development",〔Bloch, "Nonsynchronism", p.29.〕 or "uneven development" (as it is more usually rendered in its Trotskyist formulation). Marx had also used the term "simultaneity" (''Gleichzeitigkeit'') in his explanation of the concentration of production processes under the demands of commodity production in the first volume of ''Das Kapital'' (see below). But Bloch's argument is also an attempt to counter simplistic interpretations of Hegelian and Marxist teleology, by introducing what he terms "the polyrhythm and the counterpoint of such dialectics",〔Bloch, "Nonsynchronism", p.37.〕 a "polyphonous", "multispatial" and "multitemporal" dialectics,〔Bloch, "Nonsynchronism", pp.37–38.〕 not in order to deny the possibility of proletarian revolution, but in order to "gain ''additional revolutionary force'' from the ''incomplete'' wealth of the past": The still subversive and utopian contents in the relations of people to people and nature, which are not past because they were never quite attained, can only be of use in this way. These contents are, as it were, the goldbearing gravel in the course of previous labor processes and their superstructures in the form of works. Polyphonous dialectics, as a dialectics of the "contradictions" which are more concentrated today than ever, has in any case enough questions and contents in capitalism that are not yet "superseded by the course of economic development".〔Bloch, "Nonsynchronism", p.38.〕 This argument touches on the need to understand the spatial dynamics of capitalism that would be taken up in the 1960s and 1970s by Marxist urban philosopher Henri Lefebvre, with his analysis of the dialectics of (urban) space, and his work on "rhythmanalysis". It also anticipates the study of the subaltern's "contradicted" relationship to Western modernity undertaken by subaltern studies and postcolonial theory (see below). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Non-simultaneity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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