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The Normandie-Niemen Regiment ((ロシア語:Нормандия-Неман)) is a fighter squadron, later regiment (of three squadrons) of the French Air Force. It served on the Eastern Front of the European Theatre of World War II with the 1st Air Army. The regiment is notable for being one of only two air combat units from an Allied western European country to participate on the Eastern Front during World War II, the other being the British No. 151 Wing RAF,〔For a short time members of the Nos. 81 and 134 RAF squadrons of the No. 151 Wing RAF were stationed in Murmansk during September–October 1941 that conducted convoy air cover and later pilot conversion training for Red Army Air Force pilots training on Hawker Hurricane aircraft, shooting down 15 German aircraft for the loss of one Hurricane.〕 and the only one to fight together with the Soviets until the end of the war in Europe.〔Sean M. Mcateer, ''500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe, 1944-1945'', (p.361 )〕 The unit originated in mid-1943 during World War II. Initially the ''groupe'' comprised a group of French fighter pilots sent to aid Soviet forces on the Eastern Front at the suggestion of Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French Forces, who felt it important that French servicemen serve on all fronts in the war. ''Groupe de Chasse 3'' (GC 3) (3rd Fighter Group) in the Free French Air Force, first commanded by Jean Tulasne, fought in three campaigns on behalf of the Soviet Union between 22 March 1943, and 9 May 1945, during which time it destroyed 273 enemy aircraft and received numerous orders, citations and decorations from both France and the Soviet Union, including the French ''Légion d’Honneur'' and the Soviet Order of the Red Banner. Joseph Stalin awarded the unit the name Niemen for its participation in the Battle of the Niemen River (1944). the unit, known as ''Escadron de chasse 1/30 Normandie-Niemen'', flew Dassault Mirage F1 CT planes. The squadron was briefly disbanded in June 2010 and re-activated in 2011 as a Dassault Rafale unit, with formal reactivation on 25 June 2012 as ''Escadron de chasse 2/30 Normandie-Niemen''. ==Operational history== Six months after the Germans invaded the USSR in June 1941, talks aimed at closer co-operation between Free France and the Soviet Union resulted in setting up a special squadron with an initial core of 12 fighter pilots and 47 ground staff for service on the Russo-German front. De Gaulle officially promulgated the ''Groupe de Chasse'' GC 3 ''Normandie'' on 1 September 1942, with ''Commandant'' Pouliquen in command. Mechanics, pilots and hardware travelled by rail and air via Tehran (Iran) to Baku ( the capital of Azerbaijan). They completed a period of training on the Yakovlev Yak-7 by the end of January 1943, when ''Commandant'' Jean Tulasne took command of the ''groupe''. The unit became operational on 22 March 1943. The first campaign of GC 3, equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter, lasted until 5 October, and saw combat between Polotniani-Zavod and Sloboda/Monostirtchina. From an initial aerial victory over a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 on 5 April their tally rose dramatically and the squadron became the focus of Soviet propaganda, so much so that ''Generalfeldmarschall'' Wilhelm Keitel decreed that any French pilot captured would be executed. Tulasne was killed in combat on 17 July, and ''Commandant'' Pierre Pouyade took command. On 11 October de Gaulle accorded the ''groupe'' the title of ''Compagnon de la Libération''. By the time GC 3 relocated to Tula on 6 November 1943, only six pilots remained from the original ''groupe'', which had accumulated 72 aerial victories since becoming operational. In their first year on the front they claimed 86 kills (77 confirmed, 9 'probables') and 16 enemy aircraft damaged, for the loss of 25 Yak fighters. In 1944 the ''groupe'' was expanded to become a ''régiment'', with a fourth ''escadrille'' joining its ranks. After completing training on the more advanced Yakovlev Yak-9D fighter at Tula, the expanded regiment rejoined front line operations for its second campaign. This took place around Doubrovka (in Russia) and Gross-Kalweitchen (in East Prussia, Germany) until 27 November 1944. During this campaign Joseph Stalin ordered the regiment to style itself ''Normandie-Niemen'' in recognition of its participation in the battles to liberate the river of the same name. On 16 October, the first day of a new offensive against East Prussia, the regiment’s pilots claimed 29 enemy aircraft destroyed without loss. By the following month the regiment found itself based in German territory. By the end of the year, Pouyade was released from command of the regiment and he, along with other veteran pilots, returned to France. He was replaced by Commandant Louis Delfino. By the end of 1944 201 kills have been claimed. 14 January 1945 saw the ''Normandie-Niemen'' start its third campaign (from Dopenen to Heiligenbeil), concentrating in the East Prussian part of the German ''Reich'', until the formal announcement of victory in the east on 9 May the day after V-E Day in Europe. The USSR expressed its gratitude to the regiment by offering 37 of the unit’s Yak-3 fighters as a gift to France. The pilots returned to a heroes' welcome in Paris on 20 June 1945. At the end of the war, the regiment had claimed 273 enemy aircraft shot down, 37 probables, and lost 87 aircraft and 52 pilots in return. Some 5,240 sorties were flown and the unit took part in 869 dogfights. The unit also destroyed 27 trains, 22 locomotives, two E-boats, 132 trucks, and 24 staff cars. Forty-two of the squadron's pilots were killed and 30 reached ace status.〔Bernole, Andre, and Glenn Barnett, "French Aces on the Eastern Front", ''WWII Quarterly'', Fall 2011, pp. 16-25, 94.〕 Four of its pilots, Marcel Albert, Marcel Lefèvre, Jacques André and Roland de La Poype, became Heroes of the Soviet Union. Its battle honours included such names such as Bryansk, Orel, Ielnia, Smolensk, Königsberg (later renamed Kaliningrad by the Soviets), and Pillau. It received the following decorations: from France, the ''Légion d'Honneur'', the ''Croix de la Libération'', the ''Médaille Militaire'', the ''Croix de guerre'' with six ''palmes''; from the USSR, it received the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Alexander Nevsky, with eleven citations between the two orders. The squadron's last Yak-3 fighter is on static display at the Le Bourget Air and Space Museum. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Normandie-Niemen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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