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4-Hydroxyamphetamine
4-Hydroxyamphetamine (4HA), also known as hydroxyamfetamine (INN and BAN), hydroxyamphetamine (USAN), oxamphetamine, norpholedrine, ''para''-hydroxyamphetamine, and α-methyltyramine, is a sympathomimetic drug, that is, a drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.
It is used medically in eye drops to dilate the pupil (a process called mydriasis), so that the back of the eye can be examined. It is also a major metabolite of amphetamine and certain substituted amphetamines.
==Medical use==
4-Hydroxyamphetamine is used in eye drops to dilate the pupil (a process called mydriasis) so that the back of the eye can be examined. This is a diagnostic test for Horner's Syndrome. Patients with Horner’s syndrome exhibit anisocoria brought about by lesions on the nerves that connect to the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve.〔Walton KA & Buono LM (2003). "Horner syndrome." ''Current opinion in ophthalmology''. 14(6):357 PMID 14615640〕 Application of 4-hydroxyamphetamine to the eye can indicate whether the lesion is preganglionic or postganglionic based on the pupil’s response. If the pupil dilates, the lesion is preganglionic. If the pupil does not dilate, the lesion is postganglionic.〔
4-hydroxyamphetamine has some limitations to its use as a diagnostic tool. If it is intended as an immediate follow up to another mydriatic drug (cocaine or apraclonidine), then the patient must wait anywhere from a day to a week before 4-hydroxyamphetamine can be administered.〔Davagnanam I, Fraser CL, Miszkiel K, Daniel CS, & Plant GT (2013). "Adult Horner's syndrome: a combined clinical, pharmacological, and imaging algorithm." ''Eye'' (London, England). 27(3):291,294 PMID 23370415〕〔Lepore FE (1985). "Diagnostic pharmacology of the pupil." ''Clinical neuropharmacology''. 8(1):29 PMID 3884149〕 It also has the tendency to falsely localize lesions. False localization can arise in cases of acute onset; in cases where a postganglionic lesion is present, but the nerve still responds to residual norepinephrine; or in cases in which unrelated nerve damage masks the presence of a preganglionic lesion.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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