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Northman
Northman (; fl. 994) was a late 10th-century English ealdorman (or earl), with a territorial base in Northumbria north of the River Tees. He appears in two different strands of source. These are, namely, the textual tradition of Durham witnessed by ''Historia de Sancto Cuthberto'' and the Durham ''Liber Vitae'', and an appearance in a witness list of a charter of King Æthelred II dated to 994. The latter is Northman's only appearance south of the Humber, and came the year after Northumbria was attacked by Vikings.〔Whitelock, ''English Historical Documents'', vol. i, p. 235; Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', p. 211〕
Neither of these witnesses provide a patronymic nor an "earldom". There is a possibility therefore that the two Northmans are different characters, though they are generally thought to be the same.〔Rollason, ''Libellus de exordio'', pp. 154–5, n.16; Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', p. 211〕 Almost nothing is known about Northman besides being an ealdorman in northern Northumbia, our ignorance extending to the identities of his parents and any children or spouses he may have had.
==Durham Northman==
The first witness comes from the historical traditions preserved in Durham, related in two connected sources. The former of these is the grant — one of three grants written into a blank leaf at the end of the original volume of the Durham ''Liber Vitae'' — ascribed to Earl Northman (the other two to Earl Ulfketil and Earl Thored).〔South, ''Historia'', pp. 6–7〕 Northman's grant is in folio 33v,〔Rollason (ed.), ''Libellus de exordio'', p. 154, n. 16〕 and is thought to date to the late 10th or early 11th century.〔South (ed.), ''Historia'', p. 7〕 It records that Northman gave Escomb (on the River Wear between Witton-le-Wear and Bishop Auckland) to the community of St Cuthbert.〔Text: ''Her syleð Norðman eorl into S'ce Cuðberhte Ediscum 7 þ eall ðær into hyreð 7 ðone feorðan æcer æt Foregenne''; see Stevenson (ed.), ''Liber vitæ'', (p. 57 )〕
This grant appears to have been used as a source for the ''Historia de Sancto Cuthberto'' ("History of St Cuthbert") § 31, which probably made use of several such charters when it was written.〔South, ''Historia'', pp. 6–8〕 The text purports to record a "lease" by Bishop Aldhun, bishop of St Cuthbert (c. 990 – c. 1018), to three different earls:These are the lands which Bishop Aldhun () and the whole congregation of St Cuthbert presented to these three, Earl Ethred, Earl Northman and Earl Uhtred: Gainford, Whorlton, Sledwich, Barforth, Startforth, Lartington, Marwood Green, Stainton, Streatlam, Cleatlam, Langton, Morton Tinmouth, Piercebridge, Bishop Auckland and West Auckland, Copeland, ''Weardseatle'', Binchester, ''Cuthbertestun'', Thickley, Escombe, Witton-le-Wear, Hunwick, Newton Cap, Helme Park. Whoever seizes from St Cuthbert any part of these, may he perish on the Day of Judgment.〔South (ed.), ''Historia'', pp. 66–9〕 ''Weardseatle'' and ''Cuthbertestun'' are unidentified, though the historian Ted South thought ''Weardseatle'' might be St Andrew Auckland.〔Rollason (ed.), ''Libellus de exordio'', p. 154, n. 16; South, ''Historia'', p. 69〕 This list is in fact two blocks of estates, one centred on Gainford around the River Tees and the other around Bishop Auckland on the River Wear.〔South (ed.), ''Historia'', p. 113〕
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