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Numerian
Numerian ((ラテン語:Marcus Aurelius Numerius Numerianus Augustus);〔In Classical Latin, Numerian's name would be inscribed as MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS AVGVSTVS.〕 died November 284) was Roman Emperor from 282 to 284 with his older brother Carinus. They were sons of Carus, a general raised to the office of praetorian prefect under Emperor Probus in 282.〔Leadbetter, "Carus."〕
==Reign==
In 282, the legions of the upper Danube in Raetia and Noricum proclaimed as emperor Numerian's father, the praetorian prefect Marcus Aurelius Carus, beginning a rebellion against the emperor Probus.〔Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', p. 4; Leadbetter, "Carus"; Odahl, ''Constantine and the Christian Empire'', p. 39; Southern, ''Severus to Constantine'', p. 132; Williams, ''Diocletian'', p. 32.〕 Probus' army, stationed in Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia), decided they did not wish to fight Carus and assassinated Probus instead.〔Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', p. 4; Odahl, ''Constantine and the Christian Empire'', p. 39; Southern, ''Severus to Constantine'', p. 132.〕 Carus, already sixty, wished to establish a dynasty〔Odahl, ''Constantine and the Christian Empire'', p. 39; Southern, ''Severus to Constantine'', p. 132; Williams, ''Diocletian'', p. 32.〕 and immediately elevated Carinus and Numerian to the rank of Caesar.〔Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', p. 4; Odahl, ''Constantine and the Christian Empire'', p. 39; Williams, ''Diocletian'', p. 32.〕
In 283, Carus left Carinus in charge of the West and moved with Numerian and his praetorian prefect Arrius Aper to the East to wage war against the Sassanid Empire. The Sassanids had been embroiled in a succession dispute since the death of Shapur and were in no position to oppose Carus' advance.〔Leadbetter, "Carus"; Odahl, ''Constantine and the Christian Empire'', p. 39.〕
According to Zonaras, Eutropius, and Festus, Carus won a major victory against the Persians, taking Seleucia and the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon (near modern Al-Mada'in, Iraq), cities on opposite banks of the Tigris.〔Zonaras, 12.30; Eutropius, 9.14.1; Festus, 24; Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', 4; Leadbetter, "Carus"; Odahl, ''Constantine and the Christian Empire'', p. 39; Potter, ''The Roman Empire at Bay'', p. 279; Williams, ''Diocletian'', p. 33.〕 In celebration, Numerian, Carus, and Carinus all took the title ''Persici maximi''.〔Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', p. 4; Leadbetter, "Carus."〕 Carus died in July or early August of 283,〔 possibly due to a strike of lightning.〔Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', p. 4; Leadbetter, "Carus"; Odahl, ''Constantine and the Christian Empire'', p. 39; Southern, ''Severus to Constantine'', p. 133; Williams, ''Diocletian'', pp. 33–34.〕
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