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Nuo rituals or Nuo cults (傩文化), where ''nuo'' () means "exorcism" ("binding by oath"), define ritual practices found in some local forms of the Chinese folk religion, as well as in Shinto (Japanese: 追儺 ''oniyarai'', ''tsuina'') and in Sinism (Korean: 나례 ''nalye''). It is especially important in the Chinese folk religion of the Tujia people and other ethnic groups of China. Nuo rituals revolve around the worship of gods represented by characteristic wooden masks and idols; these gods include ancestors and tutelary gods of nature. Nuo rituals and elaborate dramas are mostly performed by circles of ''fashi'' (non-Taoist ritual masters),〔Van der Meij, 1997. p. 478b〕 wearing the masks of the gods. Scholars have observed how the status of Nuo ritualism in China has changed from an unrecognised and hindered culture before the 1980s, to an officially endorsed folk religion nowadays.〔Lan Li, 2010.〕 The revival of Nuo ritualism has been developed by the Chinese government as a matrix of ethnic identification of the Tujia nation.〔Lan Li, 2003.〕 The concept of the ancient Chinese event ''nuo'' was imported to Japan, and the event developed and finally became an annual event in the Imperial Court in the early Heian period. On New Year's Eve (December 30 according to the old calendar) every year in the Imperial Court , this ceremony of "onibarai" or "tsuina (追儺 )" (to expel ogres) has been held for about 1200 years since the early Heian period. You can see the similar ceremony "Dainanogi" in the Heian Jingu shrine.〔(平安神宮節分「大儺之儀」 )〕 It is said that a ritual of purification to exorcise oni (ogres) or evil spirits held on the setsubun day originally came from this "tsuina" (a year-end ceremony to drive away ogres), which had been observed since around the Heian period. ==Ceremonies== Nuo ceremonies (傩仪/儺儀) for the gods include Nuo dances (傩舞/儺舞), Nuo songs (傩歌/儺歌), Nuo sacrifices (傩祭) and the Nuo opera (傩戏/儺戲). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nuo rituals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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