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Nyau
Nyau (also: ''Nyao'' meaning ''mask''〔D.D.Phiri: ''History of Malawi - From the earliest times to the year 1915''. in: CLAIM, pp.31 (2004)〕 or ''initiation'') is a secret society of the Chewa, an ethnic group of the Bantu peoples from Central and Southern Africa.〔 The Nyau society consists of initiated members of the Chewa and Nyanja people, forming the cosmology or indigenous religion of the people. Initiations are separate for men and for women, with different knowledge learned and with different ritual roles in the society according to gender and seniority. Only initiates are considered to be mature and members of the ''Nyau''. The word ''Nyau'' is not only used for the society itself, but also for the indigenous religious beliefs or cosmology of people who form this society, the ritual dance performances, and the masks used for the dances. Nyau societies operate at the village level, but are part of a wide network of Nyau across the central and part of the southern regions of Malawi, eastern Zambia, western Mozambique and areas where Malawians migrated in Zimbabwe. During performances with the masks women and children often rush into the houses when a Nyau performer threatens, as the masks are worn by only male members of the society and represent male knowledge. At that moment in the performance and rituals, Nyau masked dancers are understood to be spirits of the dead. As spirits the masquerades may act with impunity and there have been attacks and deaths during performances in the past.〔 Increasing westernization has led to a decrease in Nyau.
==History==
A cave painting in Zaire depicts ''Kasiya Maliro'', a type of Nyau mask that may date to 992 CE.〔 The Nyau cosmology continued during the time of the Ngoni invasions in the mid-1800s and during the time of early colonists including Portuguese and British. According to local mythologies Nyau came from Malomba, a place in what is now the DRC.〔 Due to heavy punishment for telling secrets to non-initiates about the Nyau cosmology (e.g. who are the men dancing) the origin of Nyau could not be clarified by the first missionaries and colonialists arriving in Maravi.〔R.S. Rattray: ''Some Folk-Lore Stories and Songs in Chinyanja'', London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge (1907), pp. 178–79.〕 Penalties went as far as the person revealing secrets being killed by members of the society.〔 The arrival of missionaries during the 1920s had a growing influence on Nyau at the village level, which produced open conflict.〔 Though Christian missionaries banned Nyau in Chewa communities, the society and its practice survived under British colonial rule through adaptation that included some aspects of Christianity. Presently, it is still practiced with Chewa members belonging both to a Christian church and the Nyau society.〔 Although some other ethnic groups have developed cultural dances, such as the Ngoni, Yao and Mang'anja,〔J.M. Schofeleers: ''Symbolic and Social Aspects of Spirits Worship among the Mang'anja'', Ph.D. Dissertation (1968) Oxford, pp. 307–415.〕 the ''Nyau' of the Chewa can be considered the most elaborate of the secret societies and dances in areas around Lake Malawi.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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