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Naropa
Nāropā (Prakrit; (サンスクリット:Nāropadā)〔''Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'' ed. Oliver Leaman. Routledge: 2001. ISBN 0-415-17281-0 pg 282〕 or Naḍapāda〔"Notes on the Origin of Some Quotations in the Sekoddeśaṭīkā of Naḍapāda" by M. Nihom. ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 27 (1984) pg 17〕) (probably died ca. 1040 CE)〔John Newman, "The Epoch of the Kalacakra Tantra" ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 41 (1998) pg 347, n. 10〕 was an Indian Buddhist Mahasiddha. He was the disciple of Tilopa and brother, or some sources say partner and pupil, of Niguma.〔(ni gu ma ( b. 10th cent. ) )〕 As an Indian Mahasiddha, Naropa's instructions inform Vajrayana, particularly his six yogas of Naropa relevant to the completion stage of anuttarayogatantra.
Although some accounts relate that Naropa was the personal teacher of Marpa Lotsawa, other accounts suggest that Marpa held Naropa's lineage through intermediary disciples only.〔Davidson, Ronald M. ''Indian Esoteric Buddhism''. pg 144-7. Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-231-12618-2.〕
==Name==
According to scholar John Newman, "the Tibetans give Nāro's name as ''Nā ro pa, Nā ro paṇ chen, Nā ro ta pa,'' and so forth. The manuscript of the ''Paramarthasaṃgraha'' preserves a Sanskrit form ''Naḍapāda'' (''Paramarthasaṃgraha'' 74). A Sanskrit manuscript edited by Tucci preserves an apparent Prakrit form ''Nāropā'', as well as a semi-Sanskritic ''Nāropadā'' (Tucci 1930:150 & 152)."〔The Outer Wheel of Time: Vajrayāna Buddhist Cosmology in the Kālacakra tantra by John Ronald Newman. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin—Madison:1987 pg 105 n.97〕
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