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The O'Brien dynasty (Classical Irish (アイルランド語:Ua Briain), (Modern Irish ''Ó Briain'', IPA: /oːˈbʲɾʲiənʲ/), genitive ''Uí Bhriain'', IPA: /iːˈβʲɾʲiənʲ/) are a royal and noble house founded in the 10th century by Brian Boru of the Dál gCais or Dalcassians. After becoming King of Munster, through conquest he established himself as ''Ard Rí na hÉireann'' (High King of Ireland). Brian's descendants thus carried the name Ó Briain, continuing to rule the Kingdom of Munster until the 12th century where their territory had shrunk to the Kingdom of Thomond which they would hold for just under five centuries. In total, four Ó Briain's ruled in Munster, and two held the High Kingship of Ireland (with opposition). After the partition of Munster into Thomond and the MacCarthy Kingdom of Desmond by Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair in the 12th century, the dynasty would go on to provide around thirty monarchs of Thomond until 1542. During part of this period in the late 13th century they had a rivalry with the Norman de Clare house, disputing the throne of Thomond. The last Ó Briain to reign in Thomond was Murrough Ó Briain who surrendered his sovereignty to the new Kingdom of Ireland under Henry VIII of the House of Tudor, becoming instead Earl of Thomond and maintaining a role in governance. Today the head carries the title of Prince of Thomond, and depending on succession sometimes also Baron Inchiquin. Throughout the time that the Ó Briain's ruled in medieval Ireland, the system of tanistry was used to decide succession, rather than primogeniture used by much of feudal Europe. The system in effect was a dynastic monarchy but family-elected and aristocratic, in the sense that the royal family chose the most suitable male candidate from close paternal relations—''roydammna'' (those of kingly material) rather than the crown automatically passing to the eldest son. This sometimes led to bitter quarrels and in-family warring. Since 1542, the head of the Ó Brian house adopted primogeniture to decide succession of noble titles instead. ==Background== The Ó Brian emerged as chiefs of the Dál gCais tribe from the south-west of Ireland — a cohesive set of septs, related by blood, all claiming descent in tradition from a common ancestor of Cormac Cas.〔O'Dugan, ''The Kings of the Race of Eibhear'', 9.〕 In the ''Annals of the Four Masters'', the father of Cormac Cas was said to be Oilioll Olum, who was according to tradition King of Munster and King of Leinster in the 3rd century.〔 Such a connection would have meant that the tribe held kinship with the Eoghanachta who had dominated Munster since the earliest times.〔Duffy, ''Medieval Ireland'', 121.〕 While founder mythologies were very common in antiquity and the medieval world, such a connection is generally regarded as fanciful and politically motivated in the context of the rise to prominence of the Dalcassians.〔 Instead, academic histories generally accept the Dalcassians as being the Déisi Tuaisceart, after adopting a new name — first recorded under their newly adopted name under the year 934 in the ''Annals of Inisfallen''.〔 The Déisi, a people whose name means literally ''vassals'', were originally located where today is Waterford, south Tipperary and Limerick;〔Fitzpatrick, ''Royal Inauguration in Gaelic Ireland C. 1100-1600'', 36.〕 the O'Rahilly's historical model counts them as ethnically Érainn; the sept split into the Déisi Muman who continued to hold territory in Waterford and Tipperary, while the west Déisi controlled areas either side of the River Shannon.〔 During the 8th century, the latter was further divided into the Déisi Deiscirt and the Déisi Tuaisceart who would become the Dalcassians.〔〔Koch, ''Celtic Culture'', 554.〕 Prehistoric ancestors of the Déisi Tuisceart and Dál gCais may have been a once prominent Érainn people called the Mairtine.〔Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, "Ireland, 400-800", in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), ''A New History of Ireland (Volume 1): Prehistoric and Early Ireland''. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 222〕 It was during this century that the tribe annexed to Munster the area today known as Clare and made it their home. Taken from the weakened Uí Fiachrach Aidhne it had previously been part of Connacht but was renamed Thomond (''Tuamhain'', meaning North Munster). After gaining influence over other tribes in the area such as the Corcu Mruad and Corcu Baiscinn, the Dalcassians were able to crown Cennétig mac Lorcáin as King of Thomond, he died in 951.〔 His son Mathgamain mac Cennétig was to expand their territory further according to the ''Annals of Ulster''; capturing the Rock of Cashel capital of the Eoghanachta, the Dalcassians became Kings of Cashel and Munster over their previous overlords for the first time in history.〔 Mathgamain along with his younger brother Brian Boru began military campaigns such as the Battle of Sulcoit, against the Norse Vikings of the settlement Limerick, ruled by Ivar. The Dalcassians were successful, plundering spoils of jewels, gold and silver, saddles, finding "soft, youthful, bright girls, booming silk-clad women and active well-formed boys".〔〔Frances Cusack, ''Ireland'', 294.〕 The males fit for war were executed at Saingel, while the rest were taken as slaves.〔 Through much of his reign Mathgamain was competing with his Eoghanachta rival Máel Muad mac Brain.〔 Mathgamain was only defeated in the end by a piece of treachery; he believed he was attending a friendly meeting, but was betrayed at Donnubán mac Cathail's house, handed over to his enemies and executed in 976.〔Corbishley, ''The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland'', 82.〕 The crown of Munster was briefly back in the hands of the Eoghanachta for two years until Brian Boru had thoroughly avenged his brother,〔Lydon, ''The Making of Ireland'', 31.〕 with the defeat and slaying of Máel Muad in the Battle of Belach Lechta. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「O'Brien dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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