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The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) ((ウクライナ語:Організація Українських Націоналістів, ''Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv'') or ОУН) was a Ukrainian political organization created in 1929 in Vienna and acting in Western Ukraine (at the time interwar Poland). The OUN emerged as a union between the Ukrainian Military Organization, smaller radical right-wing groups, and right-wing Ukrainian nationalists and intellectuals represented by Dmytro Dontsov, Yevhen Konovalets, Mykola Stsyborsky and other figures. The OUN sought to infiltrate legal political parties, universities and other political structures and institutions. As revolutionary ultra-nationalists the OUN have been characterized by some historians as fascist.〔 The OUN's strategy to achieve Ukrainian independence included violence and terrorism against perceived foreign and domestic enemies, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia, which controlled territory inhabited by ethnic Ukrainians.〔 One of the OUN's stated goals was to protect the Ukrainian population from repression and establish a Ukrainian state. In 1940, the OUN split into two parts. The older, more moderate members, supported Andriy Melnyk (OUN-M) while the younger and more radical members supported Stepan Bandera (OUN-B). The OUN-B, namely Yaroslav Stetsko declared an independent Ukrainian state on 30 June 1941 in Lviv, while the region was under the control of Nazi Germany.〔 In response, the OUN leadership was suppressed by Nazi authorities. In October 1942 OUN-B established the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). In 1943 UPA military units carried out large-scale ethnic cleansing against Polish and Jewish populations.〔 Historians estimate that 60,000-100,000 Polish civilians were massacred in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.〔Niall Ferguson, ''The War of the World'', Penguin Press, New York 2006, page 455.〕〔Grzegorz Motyka, ''W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach'', 2009, page 13〕〔"(The tragic massacre in Volyn remembered )". ''The Economist''. July 15, 2013.〕 After the war, the UPA fought against Soviet and Polish government forces. During Operation Vistula in 1947, the Polish government deported 140,000 Ukrainian civilians in Poland to remove the support base for the UPA.〔"(Poland's president expresses regret over 1947 Akcja Wisla )", ''The Ukrainian Weekly''〕 In the struggle Soviet forces killed, arrested, or deported over 500,000 Ukrainian civilians. Many of those targeted by the Soviets included UPA members, their families, and supporters.〔 During the Cold War, the OUN was covertly supported by western intelligence agencies, including the CIA. There are a number of contemporary far-right Ukrainian political organizations who claim to be inheritors of the OUN's political traditions, including Svoboda, the Ukrainian National Assembly and the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists.〔 The role of the OUN remains contested in historiography, as these later political inheritors developed a literature denying the organization's fascist political heritage and collaboration with Nazi Germany, while also celebrating the Waffen - SS Galizien.〔 On the other hand, some scholars argue that far-right or extreme-right aspects of modern OUN descendants are emphasized by political opponents for electoral purposes.〔 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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