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Ober Ost
Ober Ost is short for ''Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten'', which is a German term meaning "Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East" during World War I. In practice it refers not only to said commander, but also to his governing military staff and the district they controlled: Ober Ost was in command of the Eastern front. After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk the German Empire effectively controlled Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, parts of Poland, and Courland: former territories of the Russian Empire. Ober Ost itself was assigned present-day Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Poland, and Courland. The land it controlled was around 108,808 km². The Ober Ost was created in 1914, and its first leader was Paul von Hindenburg, a Prussian military hero. When the Chief of the General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn was dismissed from office in 1916, von Hindenburg replaced him, and Prince Leopold of Bavaria was given control of the Ober Ost.
==Policies==
Ober Ost ruled the land with an iron fist. The movement policy or "Verkehrspolitik", divided the land without regard to the existing social and ethnic organization and patterns. One was not allowed to move between the districts, which destroyed the livelihood of many merchant Jews and prevented indigenous people from visiting friends and relatives in neighboring districts.
They also tried to "civilize" the people in the Ober Ost controlled land, attempting to integrate German ideals and institutions〔 with existing cultures. They brought in railroads but only Germans were allowed to ride them and schools were taught by German instructors, since they had not trained Lithuanians.
In 1915, when large territories came under Ober Ost's administration as a result of military successes on the Eastern Front Erich Ludendorff, von Hindenburg's second in command, set up a system of managing the large area now under its jurisdiction. Although von Hindenburg was technically in command, it was Ludendorff who was in control of the administration. There were ten staff members, each with a speciality (finance, agriculture, etc.). The area was divided into the Courland District, the Lithuania District and the Bialystok-Grodno District, each overseen by a district commander. Ludendorff's plan was to make Ober Ost a colonial territory for the settlement of his troops after the war as well as provide a haven for German refugees from inner Russia.〔 Ludendorff quickly organized Ober Ost so that it was a self-sustaining region, growing all its own food and even exporting surpluses to Berlin. The largest resource was one that Ludendorff was unable to exploit without difficulty. The locals had no interest in helping obtain a German victory as they had no say in their government and were subject to increasing requisitions and taxes.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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