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The responsibility for the German education system lies primarily with the states (''Länder'') while the federal government plays a minor role. Optional Kindergarten (nursery school) education is provided for all children between two and six years of age, after which school attendance is compulsory.〔EURYDICE: (EACEA.ec.europa.eu ), National summary education system in Europe and ongoing reforms -- Germany.〕 The system varies throughout Germany because each state (''Land'') decides its own educational policies. Most children, however, first attend Grundschule from the age of six to ten. German secondary education includes five types of school. The Gymnasium is designed to prepare pupils' education and finishes with the final examination ''Abitur'', after grade 12, mostly year 13. The ''Realschule'' has a broader range of emphasis for intermediate pupils and finishes with the final examination Mittlere Reife, after grade 10; the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education and finishes with the final examination Hauptschulabschluss, after grade 9 and the ''Realschulabschluss'' after grade 10. There are two types of grade 10: one is the higher level called type 10b and the lower level is called type 10a; only the higher-level type 10b can lead to the ''Realschule'' and this finishes with the final examination ''Mittlere Reife'' after grade 10b. This new path of achieving the ''Realschulabschluss'' at a vocationally oriented secondary school was changed by the statutory school regulations in 1981 – with a one-year qualifying period. During the one-year qualifying period of the change to the new regulations, pupils could continue with class 10 to fulfil the statutory period of education. After 1982, the new path was compulsory, as explained above. Other than this, there is the ''Gesamtschule'', which combines the Hauptschule, Realschule and Gymnasium. There are also ''Förderschulen/Sonderschulen''. One in 21 pupils attends a ''Förderschule''.〔(Schülerzahlen ) Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. Retrieved 2007, 07-20〕〔 Nevertheless, the ''Förderschulen/Sonderschulen'' can also lead, in special circumstances, to a ''Hauptschulabschluss'' of both type 10a or type 10b, the latter of which is the ''Realschulabschluss''. Most German children only attend school in the morning. There are usually no provisions for serving lunch. The amount of extracurricular activity is determined individually by each school and varies greatly. Many of Germany's hundred or so institutions of higher learning charge little or no tuition by international comparison. Students usually must prove through examinations that they are qualified. If an educator/teacher is absent, students are allowed free time during that period or have a substitute teacher that fills in. In order to enter university, students are, as a rule, required to have passed the ''Abitur'' examination; since 2009, however, those with a ''Meisterbrief'' (master craftsman's diploma) have also been able to apply.〔http://archiv.sueddeutsche.de/957389/882/2789903/Studium-mit-dem-Meisterbrief.html 〕〔Handwerkskammer Niederbayern-Oberpfalz: "Der Meisterbrief - Die Eintrittskarte zum Studium〕 Those wishing to attend a "university of applied sciences" must, as a rule, have ''Abitur'', ''Fachhochschulreife'', or a ''Meisterbrief''. Lacking those qualifications, pupils are eligible to enter a university or university of applied sciences if they can present additional proof that they will be able to keep up with their fellow students through a ''Begabtenprüfung'' or ''Hochbegabtenstudium'' (which is a test confirming excellence and above average intellectual ability). A special system of apprenticeship called ''Duale Ausbildung'' allows pupils on vocational courses to do in-service training in a company as well as at a state school.〔(Country Profile: Germany ), U.S. Library of Congress. December 2005. Retrieved 2006, 12-04〕 == History == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Education in Germany」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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