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Occitan (;〔''Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary'', 7th edition, 2005.〕 ;〔Regional pronunciations: ''occitan'' = .〕 ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; (フランス語:langue d'oc)) by its native speakers, is a Romance language. It is spoken in southern France, Italy's Occitan Valleys, Monaco, and Spain's Val d'Aran; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to unofficially as Occitania. Occitan is also spoken in the linguistic enclave of Guardia Piemontese (Calabria, Italy). . Others include Catalan in this family, as the distance between this language and other Occitan dialects (as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance among different Occitan dialects. In fact, it was considered as an Occitan dialect until the end of the 19th century. Today Occitan is an official language in Catalonia, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese is spoken.〔As stated in its Statute of Autonomy approved. See Article 6.5 in the (Parlament-cat.net ), text of the 2006 Statute of Catalonia (PDF)〕 Occitan's closest relative is Catalan.〔Smith and Bergin. ''Old Provençal Primer'', p. 9.〕 Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran. Across history, the terms Limousin (''Lemosin''), Languedocien (''Lengadocian''), Gascon, and later Provençal (''Provençal'', ''Provençau'' or ''Prouvençau'') have been used as synonyms for the whole of Occitan; nowadays, "Provençal" is understood mainly as the Occitan dialect spoken in Provence. Unlike other Romance languages such as French or Spanish, there is no single written standard language called "Occitan", and Occitan has no official status in France, home to most of Occitania. Instead, there are competing norms for writing Occitan, some of which attempt to be pan-dialectal while others are based on particular dialects (e.g. Provençal in southeast France, or Gascon in the Val d'Aran of Spain, where it is known as Aranese). These efforts are hindered by the rapidly declining usage of Occitan as a spoken language in much of southern France, as well as by the significant differences in phonology and vocabulary between different Occitan dialects. In particular, the northern and easternmost dialects have more features in common with the Gallo-Italic and Oïl languages (e.g. nasal vowels; loss of final consonants; initial ''cha/ja-'' instead of ''ca/ga-''; ; the front-rounded sound instead of a diphthong, instead of before a consonant), while the southernmost dialects have more features in common with the Ibero-Romance languages (e.g. betacism; voiced fricatives between vowels in place of voiced stops; -''ch''- in place of -''it''-), and Gascon has a number of unusual features not seen in other dialects (e.g. in place of ; loss of between vowels; intervocalic ''-r-'' and final ''-t/ch'' in place of medieval --). There are also significant lexical differences, where some dialects have words cognate with French, and others have Catalan and Spanish cognates (''maison''/''casa'' "house", ''testa''/''cap'' "head", ''petit''/''pichon'' "small", ''achaptar''/''crompar'' "to buy", ''entendre''/''ausir'' "to hear", ''se taire''/''se calar'' "to be quiet", ''tombar''/''caire'' "to fall", ''p(l)us''/''mai'' "more", ''totjorn''/''sempre'' "always", etc.). Nonetheless, there is a significant amount of mutual intelligibility. The long-term survival of Occitan is in grave doubt. According to the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages,〔(Languages Atlas, UNESCO )〕 four of the six major dialects of Occitan (Provençal, Auvergnat, Limousin and Languedocien) are considered severely endangered, while the remaining two (Gascon and Vivaro-Alpine) are considered definitely endangered. ==Name== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Occitan language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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