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Occitania ((オック語:Occitània), , (:ukʃiˈtanjɔ), (:usiˈtanjɔ), (:uksiˈtanja) or (:utsiˈtanjɔ)),〔Regional pronunciations: ''Occitània'' = . Note that the variant ''Occitania *'' = is considered incorrect, since it is influenced by French, according to Alibert's prescriptive grammar (p. viii) and to the prescriptions of the Occitan Language Council ((p. 101 )).〕〔When speaking Occitan, Occitania can be easily referred to as lo país , i.e. 'the country'.〕 also sometimes lo País d'Òc, "the Oc Country"), is the historical region in southern Europe where Occitan was historically the main language spoken, and where it is sometimes still used, for the most part as a second language. This cultural area roughly encompasses the southern half of France, as well as Monaco and smaller parts of Italy (Occitan Valleys, Guardia Piemontese) and Spain (Aran Valley). Occitania has been recognized as a linguistic and cultural concept since the Middle Ages, but has never been a legal nor a political entity under this name, although the territory was united in Roman times as the ''Seven Provinces'' ((ラテン語:Septem Provinciæ)〔Map of the Roman Empire, ''ca''400 AD〕) and in the early Middle Ages (''Aquitanica'' or the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse〔Map of the Visigothic Kingdom〕) before the French conquest started in the early 13th century. Currently about a half million people out of 16 million in the area have a proficient knowledge of Occitan,〔(''World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People'' )〕 although the languages more usually spoken in the area are French, Italian, Catalan and Spanish. Since 2006, the Occitan language has been an official language of Catalonia, which includes the Aran Valley where Occitan gained official status in 1990. Under later Roman rule (after 355), most of Occitania was known as Aquitania,〔Jean-Pierre Juge (2001) ''Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation'', p. 14〕 itself part of the Seven Provinces within a wider ''Provincia Romana'' (modern Provence), while the northern provinces of what is now France were called ''Gallia'' (Gaul). Gallia Aquitania (or ''Aquitanica'') is thus also a name used since medieval times for Occitania (i.e. Limousin, Auvergne, Languedoc and Gascony), including Provence as well in the early 6th century. Thus the historic Duchy of Aquitaine must not be confused with the modern French region called Aquitaine: this is the main reason why the term ''Occitania'' was revived in the mid-19th century. The names "Occitania"〔Joseph Anglade, ''Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc'', 1921, Part I, Chapter 1, p. 9: ''Le mot ''Langue d'Oc'' a d'abord désigné le ''pays'' où se parlait cette langue; c'était une expression géographique. Le pays de langue d'oc s'appelait en Latin ''Occitania'' (formé sans doute sur ''Aquitania'')'' ("The words ''Langue d'Oc'' first designated the ''country'' where the language was spoken: it was a geographical expression. The land of the langue d'oc was called ''Occitania'' in Latin (probably coined from ''Aquitania''").〕 and "Occitan language" (''Occitana lingua'') appeared in Latin texts from as early as 1242–1254〔Frederic Mistral, ''Lo Tresor dóu Felibrige'' (1878–1886), vol. II, p. 1171: "Les textes abondent qui montrent l'origine française ou ecclésiastique des expressions ''lingua occitana'' et ''Occitania''. Le pape Innocent IV (1242–1254), un des premiers parle de ''Occitania'' dans ses lettres; les commissaires de Philippe le Bel qui rédigèrent l'arrêt ''sanè'' des coûtumes de Toulouse se déclarent ''Ad partes linguae occitanae pro reformatione patriae designati'' et stipulent que leur règlement est valable ''in tota lingua occitaniae''."〕 to 1290〔Robèrt LAFONT (1986) "La nominacion indirècta dels païses", ''Revue des langues romanes'' nº2, tome XC, pp. 161–171〕 and during the following years of the early 14th century; texts exist in which the area is referred to indirectly as "the country of the Occitan language" (''Patria Linguae Occitanae''). This derives from the name Lenga d'òc that was used in Italian (''Lingua d'òc'') by Dante in the late 13th century. The somewhat uncommon ending of the term ''Occitania'' is most probably a portmanteau French clerks coined from ''òc'' and ''Aquitània'' , thus blending the language and the land in just one concept.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Occitan language - encyclopedia article - Citizendium )〕 ''Occitan'' and ''Lenga d'òc'' both refer to the centuries-old set of Romance dialects that use ''òc'' for "yes". ==Geography== Occitania includes the following regions: * The southern half of France: Provence, Drôme-Vivarais, Auvergne, Limousin, Guyenne, Gascony, southern Dauphiné and Languedoc. French is now the dominant language in this area, where Occitan is not recognized as an official language. * The Occitan Valleys in the Italian Аlps, where the Occitan language received legal status in 1999. These are fourteen Piedmontese valleys in the provinces of Cuneo and Torino, as well as in scattered mountain communities of the Liguria region (province of Imperia), and, unexpectedly, in one community (Guardia Piemontese) in the region of Calabria (province of Cosenza). * The Aran valley, in the Pyrenees, in Catalonia (Spain) where Occitan has been an official language since 1990 (status granted by the partial autonomy of Aran Valley, then confirmed by the Catalan Statute) * The Principality of Monaco (where Occitan is traditionally spoken besides Monégasque). Occitan or langue d'oc (''lenga d'òc'') is a Latin-based Romance language in the same way as Spanish, Italian or French. There are six main regional varieties, with easy intercomprehension among them: Provençal (including Niçard spoken in the vicinity of Nice), Vivaroalpenc, Auvernhat, Lemosin, Gascon (including Bearnés spoken in Béarn) and Lengadocian. All these varieties of the Occitan language are written and valid. Standard Occitan is a synthesis which respects soft regional adaptations. See also Northern Occitan and Southern Occitan. Catalan is a language very similar to Occitan and there are quite strong historical and cultural links between Occitania and Catalonia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Occitania」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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